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India pharmaceutical case study
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Introduction:
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is considered highly progressive industry among India's science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the field of drug manufacture and technology. India is considered to be global powerhouse of generic drugs. However, it is now witnessing regulatory challenges like delays in clinical trial approvals, uncertainties over the FDI policy, a uniform code for sales and marketing practices and compulsory licensing (M. Janodia, 2007).
Key Regulatory Challenge: Delay in Clinical trial approvals
India was considered to be the major hub for conducting clinical trials. The relatively low cost of conducting trials and a fast-growing population of 1.2 billion makes India an attractive destination for companies to carry out tests (Devarakonda, 2013). It is already a generic drug-making powerhouse whose exports to Latin America and Africa However, the current scenario shows that there is decline in Indian clinical industry due to recent amendments to regulations (Williams, 2013). Clinical trial approvals were also delayed due to such stringent regulations.
Several issues such as ethical, Quality, Regulatory and Cultural along with improper training and mentoring have caused hurdles in clinical trails and approvals. Delays in permissions and regulatory clearances are resulting in companies taking clinical trials abroad (Devarakonda, 2013). The US Association of Clinical Research Organizations (ACRO) reported that clinical trials of members in India had dropped by more than 60% since 2010 as a result of an inconsistent regulatory environment (Unnikrishnan, 2014).
The stringent rules include intervention of multiple agencies while clearing trials, mandatory registrat...
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...ld be one such professional contributing to my home country in establishing a stronger pharmaceutical sector.
Works Cited
Devarakonda, R. (2013). Current clinical trial scenario of India: challenges and solutions. PharmaBioWorld .
M. Janodia, S. J. (2007). Patents Regime in India: Issues, challenges and opportunities in Pharmaceutical Sector. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine , 7.
Unnikrishnan. (2014). Uncertainty on approvals sees exodus of clinical trials. Retrieved from http://www.livemint.com/Industry/bQu4EtyMUgkAXEuDade3YN/Uncertainty-on-approvals-sees-exodus-of-clinical-trials.html
Williams, K. &. (2013). Slow approvals put India. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.voisinconsulting.com/IMG/pdf/current_ct_scenario_of_india.pdf
(Ram, The India Challenge for Clinical research, 2013) (Ram, The India Challenge for Clinical research, 2013)
(7) Hall B. Patents and Patent Policy -. 2007. The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the Morse H. SETTLEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRIES: ANTITRUST RULES. Allison JR, Lemley MA, Moore KA, Trunkey RD. Valuable patents. Geol.
Third world countries and underdeveloped nations have become the new proverbial Petri dish of experimentation and offer particular conditions which researchers would never be able to find in their home countries. This only serves to highlight the problem that inherently faces all research studies, the ethical debate in regards to the protection and rights of their subjects. Is it feasible to expect the same standards to apply in certain countries where an economical imbalance between what is possible and what is not can be the largest hurdle to overcome? These are key issues examined in the New England Journal of Medicine by author Marcia Angell, M.D., and co-authors Harold Varmus, M.D. and David Satcher, M.D. in their respective articles that consider the ethical standards that should prevail in such circumstances. Should researchers be upheld to universal standards, or are the standards more applicable in a “local” sense, where the conditions and the constraints of the location provide the context for how the principles should be applied?
Saigusa, O. (2006). Japan's healthcare system and pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Generic Medicines , 4, 23–29.
Article two entitled “Clinical trials: are they ethical?” is written by Eugene Passamani discusses the importance of randomized clinical trials. Passamani rejects the argument that the physician-patient relationship demands that physicians recommend ...
trials of investigation medical products. The FDA also has to review and approve in a
This relates strongly with my long term professional goals. In the long run, I really wish to help as many people as I can by advancing pharmacy. It is a dream to be able to go to a developing country or be part of an organization such as the World Health Organization and spread the knowledge of pharmacy and bring h...
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
For a drug to get to market it must go through several stages of research and development (Abbott and Vernon). Starting with discovery research, preclinical testing on animals, three phases of clinical trials on humans, and finally FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval (Abbott and Vernon). Out of several thousands of drugs only a few will make it to the FDA approval stage (Abbott and Vernon). Testing is a highly regulated, time consuming, and expensive process. From beginning to end the process can take fifteen years and less than one of five compounds will make it to market where it is still not guaranteed to succeed (Abbott and
Pharmaceutical patents are patents for inventions within the pharmaceutical industry. Patents give exclusive rights for an invention for a product or a process of making a product [1]. There are many aspects to patents in the pharmaceutical industry that are both pros and cons; it just depends on what industry you are in. Pharmaceutical companies take out patents so they can regulate the market and restrict competition from other companies. By obtaining patents pharmaceutical companies also attract investment. In addition to this pharmaceutical companies can also regulate the price of the drug as they will be the only company selling that drug. However these aspects of patents can adversely affect the generics industry. The generics industry cannot make or sell drugs that are patented but once a patent licence expires, both the generics industry and the WHO see increased benefits as drugs become more widely available around the world (i.e. developing countries) at a lower price. Here we will discuss the pros and cons of patents from the point of view of the pharmaceutical industry, generics industry and the WHO.
For commodity generic drugs, Teva has an opportunity to expand its core business into emerging markets, but there it will have to face institutional voids because such markets are driven by physicians and both physician and other people are not aware about the effectiveness of generic drugs. To cope with the challenge of institutional voids Teva have to look for some competent small pharmaceutical firms for acquisition and some big firms for the joint venture. For changing the perceptions of people and physicians, Teva will require to run marketing campaigns and direct approaches to physicians to develop a market for their products.
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 14 Nov. 2001: 2322. Academic Search Complete. Web.
Mary countries have adopted good clinical practices as laws and/or regulations. Good clinical practices are suitable for research teams involved in clinical trials of dings, biologics, and devices Good clinical practices (GCP) for clinical trials with investigations drugs and medical devices is suitable for individuals proposing to conduct clinical trials of drugs and devices primarily in the U.S and/or who would prefer a more U.S FDA centric curriculum.
In considering the future of Clinical Research, we must draw from the past. We have come a long way in clinical research with implementation of more technology such as use of eCRFs, electronic regulatory submissions, electronic drug accountability, etc. These changes have made a huge impact in how we conduct business. They have allowed research trials to be run more efficiently and have reduced our timelines, allowing new drugs to be approved faster.
One of the pros of public policies is that government actions, decisions and programs are not just at the national level, but state and local level. The government is making policies that addresses issues from education, healthcare, national defense, as well as, criminal justice.
Whereas, China’s annual herbal drug production is about US $48 billion with export of US $3.6 billion. Currently, United States has the largest share for Indian botanical products which accounts for about 50% of its total export. The major importers of herbal medicine from China are Japan, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore which accounts for 66%. WHO includes phytotherapy in its health programmes and gives basic procedures for the validation of herbal drugs in developing countries. Eastern countries like India and China have well-established herbal industries and Latin American countries have been carrying out research programs in medicinal plants and their standardisation procedures. In Germany, 50% of phytomedicinal products are sold on medical prescription and the cost being refunded by health insurance companies. In North American countries, phytomedicinal products are sold as .health foods. Consumers and professionals have struggled to change this by gathering information about the efficacy and safety of these products and new guidelines for their registration are now part of FDA policy. In 1997, the North American market for products of plant origin reached US$ 2