history of the internet

834 Words2 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: History of the internet paper

In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages.
All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far.
The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET.
In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address.
In 1973, “Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).” During its development was when the term Internet was first used. TCP/IP was adopted by the Department of Defense in 1980 replacing the old NCP and became universal in 1983. Also in 1983 ARPANET split into ARPANET and the military segment, MILNET. MILNET became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. Thanks to TCP/IP and its decentralized structure, ARPANET grew and grew during the early eighties.

Show More
Related

  • The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis Essay

    862 Words  | 2 Pages

    Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, “The Yellow Wall-Paper”, is a first-person narrative written in the style of a journal. It takes place during the nineteenth century and depicts the narrator’s time in a temporary home her husband has taken her to in hopes of providing a place to rest and recover from her “nervous depression”. Throughout the story, the narrator’s “nervous condition” worsens. She begins to obsess over the yellow wallpaper in her room to the point of insanity. She imagines a woman trapped within the patterns of the paper and spends her time watching and trying to free her. Gilman uses various literary elements throughout this piece, such as irony and symbolism, to portray it’s central themes of restrictive social norms

    Read More

  • Critical Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins

    1173 Words  | 3 Pages

    Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a detailed account of the author’s battle with depression and mental illness. Gilman’s state of mental illness and delusion is portrayed in this narrative essay. Through her account of this debilitating illness, the reader is able to relate her behavior and thoughts to that of an insane patient in an asylum. She exhibits the same type of thought processes and behaviors that are characteristic of this kind of person. In addition, she is constantly treated by those surrounding her as if she were actually in some form of mental hospital.

    Read More

  • Confined Women of the Nineteenth Century

    2191 Words  | 5 Pages

    In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth, both authors provide evidence for readers to conceptualize the stories through the critical lens of feminism. “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a story about the unnamed narrator who is taken to an ancestral home by her husband John to be treated for her nervous depression. Meanwhile, she develops a strong dislike for the yellow wallpaper in the bedroom that the narrator is restricted to. The narrator ultimately becomes hopelessly insane in hopes of relieving the women trapped by the wallpaper. Similarly, The House of Mirth tells the story of Lily Bart, a young woman who is trapped by societal standards. She struggles between the relationship of riches, love, and respect. Lily never achieves her goal of marking her status as a social elite because she overdoses and dies at the end of the novel. The narrator of “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Lily from The House of Mirth both struggle throughout their womanhood. Edith Wharton and Charlotte Gilman use different point of views to emphasize how eternal forces, such as entrapment, powerlessness, and subordinance of women ultimately lead to their overwhelming confinement in the nineteenth century society.

    Read More

  • Contrary Interpretations of The Yellow Wallpaper

    1555 Words  | 4 Pages

    “The Yellow Wallpaper” was first published in New England Magazine in 1892.  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, an advocate for the advancement of women, authored the short story.  She intended the piece to bring to light the inherent ineptitude of the Weir Mitchell “rest cure.”  Though this subject is addressed, many other pertinent topics are broached, ever so subtly.  Other themes in the book include the role of women in a society dominated by men, the role of the mother, and how oppression can affect the mind of a creative individual.  These themes, however, can be altered merely by how the tale is edited.  I intend to point out some of the pertinent differences that exist between the full text of the story and an abridged version, describing how they give the same story contrary interpretations.

    Read More

  • ' The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman

    1252 Words  | 3 Pages

    The story is a smaller summary of what Gilman went through in her own life. Our narrator was going through postpartum depression, similar to our author. In the late 1800 's, suffering from depression, a physician would advise anybody to stay away from all types of life, confine yourself away criticism from others;our narrator was recommended to do the same. Writing "The Yellow Wallpaper" was like taking a crucial part of Gilman 's life and putting it into a story that would help youths of that time. Not only was Gilman relating to our narrator, but also audience all around the world dealing with the same problems. Many people can relate to the symptoms from depression; having a answer to deal with it another thing. "Like the narrator/protagonist she created, Gilman was both a writer and a reader. Gilman’s own defiance of doctor’s orders—her persistence as a writer—is well known to students of her work" (Hochman 12). Gilman did her own studies by doing the things that kept her mind busy, and doing the opposite of what anybody had to say. If you were going through similar problem and didn’t think a physician or doctor orders were doing the opposite of curing, then it was 'ok ' to find another way of handling it. That’s exactly what Charlotte Perkins Gilman did by picking up a pen and book and writing journals and

    Read More

  • Comparing The Yellow Wallpaper, And Bernice Bobs Her Hair

    1526 Words  | 4 Pages

    Because her husband was a physician, he decided to treat her with the common “rest cure” and she was unable to write like she loved to do. In secret, the narrator kept a journal where she was able to spend time to herself and relax which at times made her feel better. What was ironic about this treatment was that it had the reverse effect on patients which was the point Gilman was trying to make to her audience. According to critic Rena Korb, “Gilman claimed a purpose for everything she wrote. "The Yellow Wallpaper" pointed out the dangers of the medical treatment imposed by Mitchell and other doctors like him” (Korb 2003). Suffering from postpartum depression herself, Gilman felt it was necessary to depict the management of her own mental illness and how she was treated by others and how it was ineffective. Korb also stated, “At that time, the medical profession had not yet distinguished between diseases of the mind and

    Read More

  • ARPANET: Wild Experiment

    868 Words  | 2 Pages

    Hauben, M. (2009, 3 6). History of ARPANET. Retrieved 3 9, 2012, from Bandwidthco Computer Security: http://66.14.166.45/history/network/History of ARPANET.pdf

    Read More

  • Internet Censorship

    2830 Words  | 6 Pages

    The government’s idea of an easier way to communicate during wartime became a reality slowly but steadily when “On January 2, 1969, designers began working on an experiment to determine whether computers at different universities could communicate with each other without a central system.” The first places to have access to the new “network” were some of the most prestigious colleges in the United...

    Read More

  • The Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper

    1835 Words  | 4 Pages

    Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered today principally for her feminist work "The Yellow Wallpaper."  It dramatizes her life and her experience with Dr. S. Weir Mitchell's now infamous "rest cure."  Commonly prescribed for women suffering from "hysteria," the rest cure altogether forbade company, art, writing, or any other form of intellectual stimulation.  When Mitchell prescribed this for Gilman, he told her to "'live a domestic life as far as possible,' to 'have but two hours' intellectual life a day,' and 'never to touch pen, brush or pencil again' as long as I lived" ("Why I Wrote . . . n.p.). It nearly drove her insane.  She began to recover only when she returned to her art and writing, and subsequently wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper" to alert others to the perils of the rest cure and its attempt to stifle creativity.  It raises the question, stated by Conrad Shumaker, "What happens to the imagination when it's defined as feminine

    Read More

  • The Evolution of Email Throughout Time

    1452 Words  | 3 Pages

    As time went on, work started on something that would ultimately change the world. A group of engineers were sanctioned by the U.S. Government and started working on a series of networked computers that would be used by the military to send and store secret information between bases. Originally there were only four computers connected to different research labs around the country. But that quickly expanded as they found solutions such as TCP/IP to help standardize on how data would be delivered from client to server. The name of this project was called ARPAnet and stands for the Advanced Research Project Agency which was a branch of the military that worked on secret systems during the cold war. ARPAnet was essentially the grandfather of the Internet and helped t...

    Read More

  • Essay On Importance Of Communication In The Workplace

    755 Words  | 2 Pages

    Communication is important in life. Companies need to communicate with other companies and customers. The managers also need to communicate with the staff. The technology provides us with many means of communication, the most important of which is e-mail.

    Read More

  • The Internet: A Technological Revolution

    1291 Words  | 3 Pages

    The internet is a total of medium¢s which are connected between them with channels of communication. The internet is actually an internet after it connects smaller networks of many countries. The internet rouses the computer and the world of the communications like nothing else before. The invention of the computer, of the telephone, of the telegraph etc, place the stage of this unprecedented completion of faculties. The internet becomes right away a world capability radio broadcast, a mechanism for the distribution of information and a means for the cooperation and the interaction between the individuals and their computers, being indifferent to the geographic place. In 1958 the American ministry of defence created a department called "Advanced Research Projects Agency" – ARPA. Its goal was to create new technologies. In 1968 they created the ARPAnet, a network of computers. For 20 years the internet was a network with precise and enormous in volume computers.

    Read More

  • The History Of The Internet

    778 Words  | 2 Pages

    Term Paper: The History of the Internet      The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that the government started it. The Internet started out as an experimental military network in the 1960s. Doug Engelbart prototypes an "Online System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing, editing, email, and so on. The Internet is a worldwide broadcasting resource used for distributing information and a source for interaction between people on their computers.      In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds.

    Read More

  • The Internet: The Greatest Invention Ever

    998 Words  | 2 Pages

    This project was originally conducted under the Advanced Research Projects Agency to counteract the USSR’s launch of the Sputnik. After the creation it had been called the Arpanet, and would be used specifically for government networks until the early 90’s. In 1990 the World Wide Web had been created as an online public network for everyday civilians to use.

    Read More

  • The Evolution of the Internet

    796 Words  | 2 Pages

    Only five years after Barran proposed his version of a computer network, ARPANET went online. Named after its federal sponsor, ARPANET initially linked four high-speed supercomputers and was intended to allow scientists and researchers to share computing facilities by long-distance. By 1971, ARPANET had grown to fifteen nodes, and by 1972, thirty-seven. ARPA’s original standard for communication was known as “Network Control Protocol” or NCP. As time passed, however, NCP grew obsolete and was replaced by a new, higher-level standard known as TCP-IP, which is still in use today.

    Read More

More about history of the internet

Open Document