1.What factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change that?
During the preindustrial era medical practice was disorderly where there was no such a thing as profession, it was all just a trade. The medical procedures were very primitive, missing institutional core where no institutions were completely devoted to patient care and people mostly relied on their selves due to unstable demand. There was no medical education, even the college graduates had no scientific training. However, overtime scientific medicine and technology has influenced medical education, allowing medical services to be delivered in other settings rather
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Instead of relying on the outside business and companies or hospitals the medical professionals decided to grain corporate control of their practice based on the corporate practice doctrine. Allowing licensure alleviated the intense competition in medical practice.
3.Which conditions during the World War II period lent support to employer -based health insurance in the US?
WWII caused wage freezes all over America, thus instead of employers raising the wages of the employees, they decided to provide health insurance for them. Later, supreme court passed bills supporting this idea through making insurance payments of the employer a nontaxable income.
4.On what basis were the elderly and the poor regarded as vulnerable groups for whom special government -sponsored programs needed to be created?
Although, private insurance was available to everyone who was able to afford it, there were some people such as the elderly and the poor who could not afford it. Thus, they are more likely to have a high mortality rate. Also, private payers charged way more. To ensure delivery to the elderly and poor Medicare and Medicaid were created.
5.Discuss the main ways in which current delivery of health care has become
The concepts discussed within the article regarding medicalization and changes within the field of medicine served to be new knowledge for me as the article addressed multiple different aspects regarding the growth of medicalization from a sociological standpoint. Furthermore, the article “The Shifting Engines of Medicalization” discussed the significant changes regarding medicalization that have evolved and are evidently practiced within the contemporary society today. For instance, changes have occurred within health policies, corporatized medicine, clinical freedom, authority and sovereignty exercised by physicians has reduced as other factors began to grow that gained importance within medical care (Conrad 4). Moreover, the article emphasized
As the eighteenth century progressed, the medical field followed. The medical field shifted from being underdeveloped into becoming a more developed field. During the early eighteenth century, people relied more on midwives for the medical care; on the other hand, as the medical field started to
The doctoring profession draws its roots to the time even before the ancient Greeks and since then, it has grown
...e gap in attitudes between pre-medicalized and modern time periods. The trends of technological advancement and human understanding project a completely medicalized future in which medical authorities cement their place above an intently obedient society.
It has been said by many experts that there has been a surplus of physicians in the past, but that there will soon be a shortage of physicians. This shortage will have been instigated by many factors, and is predicted to have various effects on society, both immediate and long term. There have been proposed solutions to this shortage, but there is a fine balance to be found with these many solutions and factors. However, once this balance is found, the long-term mending of the physician shortage may begin.
Colleges didn’t accept many doctors for training. The training was usually offered to the upper class. Because of this, doctors were usually trained through apprenticeships. Doctors were considered highly trained for this time period. Even though more doctors were being trained, they weren’t always available. Many people lived too far away to have access to doctors. Some didn’t have access because of beliefs or social customs.
Time- Doctors spent valuable time traveling to and from house calls. The time doctors spent traveling or gathering the proper equipment for the job became very time taxing.
During the economic growth that erupted during the World War II era, Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1942 as a direct attempt to combat excessive wartime profiteering by companies. In “One Nation, Uninsured”, Jill Quadagno revealed that an unexpected side effect of this law swiftly arose when employers decided to provide health benefits to their workers as a way to reduce paying the mandated government taxes on excess profits. By providing these benefits, many companies in the industrial sector were able to recruit new workers who were willing to accept slightly reduced wages in exchange for receiving tax-deductible benefit plans, along with satisfy the demands by trade unions to include fringe benefits in employment contracts. The symbiotic relationship that resulted when employers took on the burden of purchasing health insurance plans for their employees became the foundation for the American employer-based health insurance system which is still being used today.
Unlike today, the Ancient Roman doctors received no respect, because they were considered to be fraudilant. This reputation was caused by the doctors magical tricks, and the lack of useful treatments. The job required minimal training, as they only had to apprentice with their senior. Thus, many free slaves and people who had failed at everything else filled this profession. Some did try to find new remedies; however, others used medicine to con people. Public surgeries were done to attract audiences as an advertisement. Doctors would even become beauticians providing perfumes, cosmetics, and even hairdressing. When wives wanted their husbands gone, they would say, ¡§put the patient out of his misery¡¨ and the doctors would be the murderers. However, as wars began to break out, there were improvements bec...
Employee health benefit plans flourished in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Unions bargained for better benefits, which included tax-free, employer-paid health insurance. When war hit between 1939 and 1945, government froze wages which led to an increase of group health care. Since employers were unable to attract employees with higher wages, employers decided to improve their benefits package by adding health care coverage. Gove...
By 1915 workers compensation laws were passed in 30 States. The AALL was inspired by their success and proposed a government health insurance at the State level. They drafted legislation to be presented at various State legislatures. Their model included protection for low income workers with hospital and medical benefits for both workers and their dependants. Public debate began. The AALL needed political support. For two years they were doing well. In 1917 the War Risk Insurance Act was passed. This was health insurance for servicemen and their families. From 1918 to 1920 several State study commissions reported unfavorably on the issue. A California voter referendum on government health insurance was defeated. In the New York state assembly, the bill was defeated. Soon after, the campaign for government health insurance collapsed. The public philosophy shapes the public policy. Public attitudes in those days leaned toward government as the last resort. Government responsibility was to ensure maximum freedom of private enterprise. It was felt society progressed by the rule “survival of the fittest”. Government interference would upset the natural evolution of society. Those wanting reform couldn’t agree themselves as to the best way to achieve change...
Larry Dossey uses three eras to describe how medicine has progressed since the second half of the 19th century (A Healing Presence). Era I, the physical body era, began in the 1860s when the link between science and medicine became evident. Health and illness were physical in nature. Patients were treated with medical procedures, surgeries, and medications. “A person’s consciousness is considered a byproduct of the chemical, anatomic, and physiologic aspects of the brain and is not considered a major factor in the origins of health or disease” (Dossey & Keegan, 2013)
As progress was made in medicine gradually with new medical technologies which could only be used in the hospitals, doctors started charging more, which was unaffordable for most people, with time, all this started to change as the industrialization of the American economy caused families and people to start relying on services from doctors and the hospitals for treatment. In 1929, a system was created in Dallas, Texas (1) which charged everyone the same. This insurance was to ease the healthcare problem and create a happy scenario for both the doctors and patient, which employers added health to employment packages to boost labor due to shortage after the Second World War. Soon, other private insurance companies were entering the market, thereby creating competition as costs were determined by several factors leaving the sick ones out and insuring healthy people.
Freemantle, N. and Hill, S. (2002) ‘Medicalisation, limits to medicine, or never enough money to go around?’ in British Medical Journal, 324: 864-865.
After the industrial revolution in the 18th century in Europe and America, there was the rapid industrial and economic growth in the 19th century, which in turn caused various scientific discoveries and various invention therefore making more progress in identifying illnesses and developing modes of treatment and cure, this was where modern medicine started. After the industrial revolution there were more industries, which in turn created a lot of work-related diseases and poor hygiene, also as the cities began to grow larger, more communicable diseases began to increase, cases like typhoid and cholera became epidemics. As well, due to the changes occurring, more and more people became more aware and since there was democracy there became an increase in demand for health care. There were also the wars that occurred, causing injuries which needed to be treated. Modern medicine evolves to solve the problems of the society at a given time and various advances in this mode of health care has occurred over the years. It has been seen that modern medicine is a positive influence in the society today for various reasons, the goal of the modern medicine is to achieve good health of the citizens, and modern medicine is experimental which is capable of advanced diagnosis. Likewise, modern medicine has an effect on the social and economic state of the modern society. Modern medicine is understood as the science of treating, diagnosing or even preventing illnesses using improved sophisticated technology. This mode of treatment involves a variety of methods, using diet, exercise, treatment by drugs or even surgery.