Wood-frame or modern day construction, are residential houses made out of lightweight wood. These types of structures would be classified as type V construction. Wood-frame construction is combustible, and as it burns it loses its strength, and at one point collapses. Firefighters have come a long way since the Romans created the first fire department. Since modern day construction is changing, firefighters have to fight fires smarter. There are new tactics developing every year on which is the best way to fight a fire, of course, there’s controversies with each statement and fire departments do not necessarily like change. With modern day construction, the lightweight wood is creating unpredictable fires at times. The fire can have a very …show more content…
In balloon frame construction, studs are two or more stories high from ground level to the eave line. The horizontal board called a ribbon board is nailed to the studs. The joists are rested on the ribbon board, and the channels between the studs may be opened from the cellar to the attic. When a balloon framed house catches on fire, the fire can travel between the space of the joists and make it an attic fire which are dangerous. Here is an example, Figure 1, of a balloon and platform frame: As one can tell from the image, balloon frame has the studs run all the way up to the eave line. Unlike platform, they stop at each level of the house. In platform frame construction the first floor is built like a platform. The subflooring is laid on the joists, then the frame for the first floor walls is standing on the first floor. Subflooring is the structural member that serves as the base of the finished floor. Then the second story joists are placed alongside with the subflooring being laid. Then for more floors it’s repeated the same way as floor two was. Three stories are usually the highest for platform frame construction. In platform frame construction, there is no continuity from top to bottom in contrast to balloon frame. However, there is one characteristic that balloon and platform share, which is when there is a fire, smoke and heat can rise to the top of the home to …show more content…
Wood shingles are split pieces of wood used for roofing. What type of roofs are made of are very important to firefighting purposes because the can self-vent itself, and knowing which type of shingles and type the structure is, is going to decide if there is going to be ventilation operation. There are testing laboratories that rate wood shingles on a scale of A, B or C. A being the most fire resistant and C being the least. The test includes exposure, spread of flame, and resistance to burning brands or flying pieces of wood. Then some homes may have heavy clay tile roof instead of wood shingles. Or some structures could have a steel roof panel under the wood shingles. For example, La Grande Rural Fire District conducted a burn to learn operations for new and upcoming firefighters like myself, to see what it’s like to be in a structural fire. Getting towards the end, my duty was to make a ventilation cut on the D side of the structure. The type of roof was like a gable and valley roof. This roof was hard to make a thorough cut because there was a strong metal panel of roofing and then the wood shingles. Heavy clay tile roofs were popular in the 1920’s and 1930’s. There are reports of tile roofs collapsing from firefighters venting, to the roofs collapsing over them and having line of duty
Brannigan, Francis L, and Glenn P. Corbett. Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Sudbury, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print.
The Our Lady of Angels school house was a type 3 construction. The school was divided into two wings the north and south wings. The fire started in the basement of the north wing near the boiler room and burned undiscovered in a stairwell until the heat of the fire became too great and broke a window adjacent to the staircase under demolition by fire and caused an influx of new oxygen to fuel the flames. Some important things to note about the construction of the school are: One, that all major exits and the stairwells were made of combustible materials. Two, that there was only one fire exit located at the end of the hall on the second floor in an unprotected corridor Near the stairwell close to the source of the fire. Lastly, there was no fire protection, there were no sprinklers or fire pull stations located in the north wing and all of the 5 extinguishers that were present were located seven feet off of the ground which made access to them incredibly difficult even for adults.
The ultimate aspect of self deception can be portrayed through wooden headedness; Wooden headedness is an individual does not accept facts to be the truth. Wooden headedness possesses the tendency to defeat the embraced idea of open mindedness. Historian Barbara Tuchman asserts the belief that wooden headedness is a widely occurring phenomenon in organizations and human behaviors. Throughout human affairs, the behavior of wooden headedness is quite common and surfaces more frequently than expected.
The Mann Gulch wildfire was a tragic event that took the lives of 13 firefighters who had jumped into the area to battle the fast-moving fire. The tragedy was a severe hit to the Forest Service, which had not experienced a death during a decade of smoke jumping (Rothermel, 1993). Along with the horrific deaths, Rothermel (1993) states the Mann Gulch fire had serious consequences for the Forest Service and its research branch. The fire disaster changed the landscape of wildfire firefighting. Due to the tragedy, the Forest Service would establish new training techniques and improved safety measures for its firefighters and smokejumpers along with more emphasis on fire research and the science of fire behavior (Lehman, 2009). With the training and research, better firefighting techniques and equipment evolved (Lehman, 2009). The analysis will evaluate how the firefighters
The fire began at the Korn Leather Factory at 57 Boston Street, which is located in the northern part of the city. Chemicals that were used to create varnish exploded starting the blaze. It is believe that the heat of the day built up in the storage room where the chemicals were kept that caused the explosions and started fires. Some of the factory buildings had a sprinkler system, but because of the wooded structures the buildings were made of the few that had the sprinkler systems were ineffective, allowing the fire to grow hotter. It was a hot windy day that day, and the wind caused the man-made fire to become exponentially worse. The strong wind fanned the flames south into the heart of the city and the fire jumped to nearby buildings and kept growing. During this time most building and homes did not follow any fire ordinances, so the roofs were made out of combustible material like plain wood shingles. Embers were blown from
Today in my assignment I will be talking to you about Timber Frame Construction and its Cladding Systems. I will go on to mention its current position, what a Cladding is, I will also give a brief summary of the characteristics of different types of claddings. Also a diagram will be presented will labels of a cladding system fastened onto a timber framed building.
The Rosewood Report describes how white mobs reign as a terror against African Americans during the period 1917 to 1923.
In the 1700’ the revolutionary war was occurring and fire was a huge threat to the colonist. Houses in urban areas were built really close together. Making it easier for the spark to spread, and they spread fast. Fires were being used every day at this time since there was no electricity, they used it for the warming of the house, candles for lighting and cooking. Fires were sometimes left neglected and then the fires became devastating because the people neglected to take care of it and prevent it from spreading. In 1788 the Virginia legislature passed an act to authorize the establishment of fire companies, after losing their original building to a fire, twice. This act made it possible for firefighting groups to form who responsible for their own equipment. They had fire engines and many
In the last eighteen years in Baltimore, lightweight truss construction has become a household name in firefighting. Two reason for this is the amount of new construction in the area and secondly, the unpredictability of lightweight truss failure during fire attack. Brannigan's (2015, p. 202) describes Lightweight wood truss as a 2-inch piece of wood, the lightweight wood truss is pieced together on a factory table and subsequently joined together with light gauge galvanized steel gusset plates. IFSTA states (2015, p. 287) the reduced mass of their components and the interdependence of those components make them vulnerable to early failure under fire conditions. CDC states that that lightweight wood truss can fail early as 6 to 13 minutes
William Huang Sandburg Middle School Honors English & History. Ninth Grade Honor Placement Test Positivity, intelligence, and strategizing are all characteristics of a successful leader. However, a great leader cannot succeed without understanding and working with their people. For instance, John Wooden, a highly famed basketball player and coach that carried his several UCLA teams to win ten NCAA championships, is known for his positive teaching methods to maximize the potential of his students and make them try their best. This essay describes the legendary coaching methods of John Wooden and his leadership, who accomplished an all-time championship record left unbroken to this day.
I will be discussing artwork using the Barthes Rhetoric of Image. I will discuss how it uses linguistic message, non-coded iconic, coded iconic, and idiolect. The image I am using is “American Gothic” by Grant Wood on page 538. I hope this painting shows the reflection of hope in the people despite the Depression.
I really grew interested in Smoke Ventilation when my friend Dj,( who is in the process of becoming part of the Mariposa CDF program), told me about how smoke itself can start a fire, if hot enough. I asked him if he could tell me more about Smoke Ventilation, so he gave me some helpful information. I also wanted to learn what considerations must be made when dealing with a structure fire, and what are the important aspects of strategy and tactics. It turns out that Dj also had information on that as well. I asked him for the information he new along with the work he had finished in his class. He gave me some packets called,” Fire Fighting Technology,” which teaches a person about Smoke Ventilation and the important aspects of strategy and tactics.
First, of all ⅔ of 59,000 buildings were made of wood. The roads, sidewalks, beds, building, houses, etc… It was easier for the fire to hit Chicago.
China had developed a tradition of timber-frame architecture likely since the Han Dynasty. Unfortunately, due to the erosion of the woods and the destruction of fire, wooden structures rarely survive for hundreds of years. Even worse, with the modernizing movements from the early 20th century, the removal of what's feudal and superstitious was prevalent, harming the preservation of architecture. There is not any surviving timber-frame architecture prior to the Tang Dynasty still standing today. Yet, tombs, murals and stone structures do endure the test of time.
As a rule, builders in seventeenth-century London built houses from wood and pitch. Pitch is a sticky substance produced from tar and black in color. The strength of the pitch held the building materials together. Pitch also acted as a water proof coating for the wood, keeping moisture out, and preventing harm to the wood. Builders formed the roofs of houses from straw. It was not uncommon to see fires in London since not only were the houses highly flammable, but because open flame heated the homes. London used to be extremely crowded; with the houses being built close together, fire could easily spread from house to house and become a fire hard to contain (Alagna 12). Firefighting consisted of very simple techniques before the Great Fire. If there was a fire, designated workers pulled down houses with hooks to form a firebreak which would stop the fire from spreading any further. Other than the tools used to pull down the houses, there were not really any other firefighting devices (Alagna 13-14).