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Essay Annotated Bibliography Criminal and Non-Criminal Psychopathy
Investigation of psychopathy
Introduction to psychopathy and its relevance to the criminal justice system
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In his book Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths among us, Dr Robert D. Hare tells a chilling report of the psychopaths he has worked with throughout his career as a criminal psychologist as well as examples from pop culture and high-profile news stories, ranging from the anticipated serial killer to the unassuming white-collar criminal. Dr. Hare’s book paints a fascinating and creepy portrait of the psychopath and sheds light on the fact that psychopathy is more common than we would like to think. In addition to defining the term psychopath and answering pertinent questions of nature vs. nurture, Dr. Hare provides the reader with the Hare Psychopathy Checklist as well as a survival guide; seeing that these men and women …show more content…
The checklist was created in the early 1990s for research purposes, as there was little intel on the inner workings of the psychopath’s mind, and eventually evolved into a useful tool to aid in the releasement and detainment decisions within psychiatric units as well as specifying treatment plans on an individual basis. Because a diagnosis such as this holds monumental weight and is not easily revocable, Dr. Hare urges that this diagnostic tool only is administered by a licensed mental health professional. Though some of these symptoms may appear familiar in friends, coworkers, and loved ones, that does not mean they are worthy of a diagnosis, and Dr. Hare warns the reader not to diagnose themselves or others around them. The test itself consists of a 20-item assessment with a 3-point scoring scale and determines the severity (if present at all) of the psychopathy. The inventory within the assessment determines whether to consider the patient antisocial, how they respond to emotional situations, and how they behave in regards to interpersonal relationships throughout their everyday lives. A few of the most common traits used to define the psychopath during this assessment include pathological lying, impulsivity, lack of …show more content…
Clean shaven and handsome, Ted Bundy did not match the physical stereotype of a psychopath, and he used this to his advantage to gain the trust of his young victims before brutally raping and murdering them. On the occasion that Bundy was unable to dazzle his potential victims into his car, he would wear a cast or hobble across the road on a pair of crutches, hoping to catch the concern of a young passerby. His “disability” made him seem vulnerable and these women were more willing to help him. Coworkers of Bundy began having suspicions of him during the time of these murders, but the pleasant and personable reputation he had built for himself was so overwhelming, it was difficult for anyone to actually point their finger at him. Ted Bundy is an example of the trademark psychopath. It was his use of sexual attractiveness and need for stimulation that acted as his greatest
Psychopathy has fascinated the public for years due to the gruesome and evil portrayal it has received in the media. Psychopathy is defined in the DSM-III as a personality disorder characterized by enduring antisocial behavior, diminished empathy and remorse, and disinhibited or bold behavior (Patrick, Christopher, Fowles, Krueger, Rober, 2009). Psychopathy represents a cluster of different dimensions of personality found amongst the general population to varying degrees (Patrick et al, 2009). The diagnostic definition is meant to be applied to adults, however psychopathology can occur in children. Controversy surrounds the topic of childhood mental illness because the brain is not fully developed until the age of 18; thus allowing the possibility that symptoms are the result of growing up and will change. The triarchic model, formulated by Christopher J. Patrick, is the most commonly used model in diagnosing adult and childhood psychopathy. This model suggests that different conceptions of psychopathy emphasize three observable characteristics to varying degrees; boldness, disinhibition and meanness (Patrick, et al, 2009). Boldness is the first observable characteristic and is comprised of low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high self-confidence and social assertiveness. Disinhibition; characterized by poor impulse control including problems with planning and foresight, lacking affect and urge control, demand for immediate gratification, and poor behavioral restraints. Meanness is defined as lacking empathy and close attachments with others, disdain of close attachments, use of cruelty to gain empowerment, exploitative tendencies, defiance of authority, and destructive excitement seek...
Are psychopaths like Alice, “mad or bad?” (page 21). The question whether psychopaths are mentally ill or just a bad seed has caused much debate. Dr. Hare explains that the problem is not only labeling them mad or bad, but who deals with them. “Does the treatment or control of the psychopath rightly fall to mental health professionals or to the correctional system?” (page 21). Not only are professionals confused on how to classify psychopaths, but the media also creates confusion. Psychopath means mental illness and the media uses the word to classify someone as, “insane or crazy”, (page 22). Dr. Hare explains that even though psychopaths, “cannot be understood in terms of traditional views of mental illness”, they, “are not disoriented or out of touch with reality, nor do they experience the delusions, hallucinations, or intense subjective distress that characterize most other mental disorders…psychopaths are rational and aware of what they are doing and why.” (page 22). Most professionals use the term psychopath and sociopath as one in the same. Since DSM-III, antisocial personality disorder has been used in place of psychopath and sociopath. Philippe Pinel was the first psychiatrist describe a psychopath and Harvey Cleckley was one of the first successful publish a book describing a psychopath to the general public . Pinel used the term, “insanity without delirium”, (page 25). Cleckley wrote The Mask of Sanity, which influenced researchers in North America. Dr. Robert Hare explained that WWII was the first time clinicians felt a need to diagnosis people with psychopathy. Due to the draft, there was a need to weed out the people could disrupt or harm the military structure. Dr. Robert Hare realized how hard it was to identify a true psychopaths from rule breakers and developed the Psychopathy Checklist. This checklist is used world wide to help clinicians identify true
Throughout history, America has been the home of serial killers, with more than 2,000 throughout history. In this country, America has encountered many different kinds of these sick people. One of the most infamous serial killers throughout American History was Theodore Robert Bundy, also known as Ted Bundy. On November 24, 1946, in Burlington, Vermont, Theodore Robert Bundy was born. When people think of serial killers, they usually see a dirty, insane looking person that would stand out from the average person. In Bundy’s case it was very different. Ted was a very smart individual who had attended 5 different colleges throughout the United States, studying law and eventually getting his degree in psychology at the University of Washington. Bundy was a very handsome and charming man, unlike most other serial killers. Looking helpless and using his good looks, Bundy was able to lure his victims and would knock them unconscious with an object such as a crowbar or a pipe, then would handcuff them inside his car. Once the victims were under his control he would then proceed in kidnapping, raping, sodomizing, and eventually killing them in very harsh ways. Throughout the 70’s, he raped and murdered young women all across the country. Bundy was said to be connected to at least 36 murders, and suspected to have committed one hundred or more.
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations website, psychopathy has been described as the single most important clinical construct in the criminal justice system. It goes on to say that the need to understand psychopathy cannot be overstated (FBI, 2013.) From environmental influence to biology, psychopathy can be looked at from several different angles. This paper examines current thinking about how the brain and its structures contribute to psychopathy.
Hare used these core factors to develop the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised assessment tool that helps detect psychopathy in people. They developed this theory because psychopathic behavior was thought of as miscellaneous of a topic to be categorized in one or two factors. The four recommended factors proposed by Hare and Neumann are: Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle and Antisocial. The first factor, interpersonal consists of superficial charm, manipulation, pathological lying, and a grandiose sense of self-worth. Secondly, the affective factor involves the lack of remorse or guilt, shallow affect, callous and/or lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility for own actions. The third factor is lifestyle, which comprises of need for stimulation and/or proneness to boredom, parasitic lifestyle, impulsivity, irresponsibility, unsatisfactory work habits, and lack of realistic long-term goals. Finally the fourth factor is antisocial and contains poor behavioral controls, early behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, criminal versatility, and revocation of conditional release (Hare & Neumann, 2005, p.58-59). According to Hare and Neumann “The 4 psychopathy factors are significantly interrelated, and thus can be comprehensively explained by a single superordinate (that is, psychopathy) factor.” (Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S.
The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry is a book by Jon Ronson, where he investigates the idea of psychopathy and the many individuals involved. Psychopathy is defined as “a person who is mentally ill, who does not care about other people, and who is usually dangerous or violent.” Ronson visited mental health professionals and psychopaths in order to determine the right way to control the diagnosis of mental health disorders. Throughout the novel, Ronson focuses on three main themes, which are the definition of madness, unnecessary mental diagnoses and the problem with confirmation bias.
Another mark on the checklist is the violations of social norms and an aimless life (Hare, 1993). The psychopath is highly impulsive and has a constant need for excitement (Hare, 1993). The Psychopathy Checklist is filled with the basic characteristic of a person with a psychopathy
One trait that psychopaths have is an overblown sense of self-worth (Baker). Robert Hare, the leading specialist in psychiatry, has made a psychopathy checklist to determine if someone has psychopathic tendencies. The second trait of his list is “Inflated view of his abilities and self-worth Psychopaths
...res of the psychopaths and gives the reader various examples of these individuals playing out these characteristics in everyday life. A widely used checklist is provided so the reader can get a wide spanning view of what is accounted for when scoring a psychopath. This form of research is very important within the deceitfulness of this population; it allows the professional to ignore their words and examine their actions. Hare made it clear that it is not uncommon for there to be an emotional and verbal disconnect from their actions. With virtually no emotional functioning psychopaths feel no remorse for the offenses that they commit and it is very important that we work towards using the opportunities we have to study and assist these populations; not only for them but for ourselves.
Another theory that could provide insight into understanding Bundy’s serial killer tendencies is called the Organized/Disorganized Theory. This theory hypothesizes that serial killers are either organized or disorganized offenders and a careful examination of a crime scene and available forensic evidence will indicate their personality and behavioral characteristics (Vronsky 2013). Ted Bundy would be classified as an organized defender under this theory because he had above average intelligence, was socially competent and lived what looked to be an average life. The crime scene of an organized offender suggests the killer planned his attack, bringing a weapon with him as well as taking it with him when he leaves. Bundy’s carefully planned out use of a sling on his arm to entrap his victim in his car or other confined space and his subsequent use of a weapon to bludgeon the confined victims fits the criminal profile of an organized serial
A child or an adolescent being diagnosed with psychopathy is a controversial concept and yet there are a number of studies that purport to assess psychopathic traits within these groups. This has stemmed from evidence that key symptoms of psychopathy (at least when looking into the histories of adult psychopathic patients) have been indicative of an early onset with symptoms beginning in childhood or early adolescence. (Johnstone & Cooke, 2004). Psychopathy, at least in adults, is a viable construct and is often indicative of criminality, violence, substance abuse and results in decidedly poorer responsivity to treatment and as such highlights the importance of recognizing these early symptoms and planning intervention and treatment strategies. (Johnstone & Cooke, 2004; Skeem, Monahan, & Mulvey, 2003; Hempill, Hare, & Wong, 1998; Salekin, Rogers & Sewell, 1996).
The media most often showcases psychopaths as individuals who are inherently evil and dangerous towards themselves and others. Yet, this concept of psychopathy goes far beyond this idea of pure evil and instead necessitates a needed psychological understanding. These individuals, psychopaths, are generally characterized by a lack of empathy and conscience. Indeed, psychopath’s indifference to the repercussions of their actions combined with other characteristics such as hostility and aggression make for a potentially dangerous personality (Lyken, 1996, p.30). In order to identify a psychopath’s recidivism, it is important to differentiate them from sociopaths who, instead of having a psychological impairment that makes it difficult for them to socialize, have been systematically under socialized (Lyken, 1996, p.30). In accordance. psychologists have developed the methods such as the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised (PCL-R) to help identify those with psychopathic tendencies (Walters, 2012, p.409). That is why predictions of recidivism among psychopaths is most efficient when done
Hare, Robert. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. Guilford Press.
Ted Bundy is one of the most infamous, sadistic serial killers known to man. During his tenure as a killer, Bundy confessed to the murders of 30 women, though the official number of kills is unknown to this day. Bundy’s sadistic habits began at an early age due to his rough upbringing and abusive parents. His tactical methods of killing left miniscule amounts of evidence, which remained undetectable by the “still rudimentary forensics techniques of the 1970s” (Crime Museum). Bundy also managed to uphold an impressive “clean-cut appearance” and portrayed characteristics of an “upstanding character” (Crime Museum). Ted Bundy, through the course of a troubled childhood and keen wit, managed to successfully become known as one of the most infamous
Empirical studies have proven the motivative of psychopath will either involve power and control or sadistic gratification and state they lost control (Bonn, 2016). However, practices involving psychopathology is different from other setting than in the criminal justice setting. In criminal justice system inmates are more than likely receiving intense therapeutic services depending on the crime they committed. For example, a psychopath that is a serial killer will receive mental health services in prison and be provided with various interventions to protect other inmates in the facility. They will also provide rehabilitative services to inmates with mental illness to help adjust their adaptive skills and prepare them for reintegration.