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Causes of start of the Chechen war
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One of the reasons of why some believe the Chechen war started in the first place was the struggle over oil. There is a claim that from 1991 to 1994 that Dudaev’s government sold some twenty million tons of oil, which his government in return made millions of dollars (Hughes, 64). However, Dudaev had a ongoing “oil affair”, which cost his state budget losses. The Russian side of the conflict not only saw the conflict with Dudaev’s government as a struggle against “criminality”, but also of an “Islamic factor”. Yeltsin believed that Dudaev wanted to secede from the Russian Federation and that Dudaev wanted to create an “Islamic republic” (Hughes, 68). However, Dudaev believed that his state building was secular. Meanwhile, there was a steady …show more content…
It caused the destruction of Grozny (Chechnya’s capital city) and damages to other towns as well. A man named John Dunlop estimates that 11,500 Russian and Chechen combatants died, while 25,000 to 29,000 civilians died of the bombing of Grozny (Hughes, 82). Overall, it is estimated that the total death of the conflict was about 46,500. What is interesting is how well supplied the Chechens were during the war with the type of weaponry they possessed. However Chechens lacked trained officers. In the first Russian-Chechen war battle, 200 out of 350 armored vehicles were destroyed or captured (Hughes, 84). In this battle, it is declared that 500 soldiers were killed. Despite having a good outcome for the Chechens, their President did not have a great outcome. In April 1996, Dudaev was killed by a Russian air strike of which he possibly revealed his location to the Russians by the Russians promising to negotiate with him. Removing Dudaev allowed the Russians to remove a major obstacle of negotiating. After the war, Presidential and legislative elections occurred in Chechnya. A man named Maskhadov soon became the leader of Chechnya after winning an election of 60% of votes. Soon, a peace treaty was signed with Chechnya and Russia. The treaty saw the new Chechen President as a respected statesman, but this treaty would later on
David Christian a historian who specializes in Russia and the Soviet Union is currently a Professor of history at San Diego State University. There he teaches courses in world history, big history, world environmental history, Russian history, and the history of inner Eurasia. Christian was born in Brooklyn, New York to a British father and American mother. He earned his B.A. and Ph.D. at Oxford University. He then taught at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia for thirty years. During this time he wrote several books, to include, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia (1998), Bread and Salt (1984), Living Water (1990), Imperial and Soviet Russia: Power, Privilege, and the Challenge of Mode...
Alexander II was the Tsar Liberator who, despite unflattering characterization by his contemporaries, undertook one of the biggest reforms in Russian history: the liberation of the serfs. Yet despite such a necessary and seemingly humanitarian reform, his life was abruptly finished by a successful terrorist attack following no fewer than ten unsuccessful ones.
The book begins as the Soviet Union’s ability to provide their own oil is cut off by a terrorist attack. Right away it is noted that two very frightening events have just happened. Terrorism, for one, is a major scare tactic that can and does strike fear into millions. This was demonstrated by two suspected attacks in the U.S. recently (Bombing of Flight 800 and the Olympic Park bombing). Secondly, the threat of losing petroleum resources is enough to drive governments to drastic measures. This fact is evident in the world’s participation in the 1991 Gulf War. The leaders of the Soviet Union decided that the only way to prevent the total collapse of their economy and country was to seize the oil rich Middle East.
Sunny, Ronald. The Grigor. The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Zhukov, Innokenty. "
Taking place 75 miles from Moscow, the French and Russians were just hitting each other very hard, each pounding the other with loads of artillery, charges, and countercharges, leaving the average rate of fire to be about 3 cannon booms and 7 musket shots a second. The casualties on each side were enormous, with the total amount of deaths on both sides being about 70,000, the Russians did not continue with the fighting on the second day, as they withdrew and left the road to Moscow wide open. On September 14th, the Grand Armée entered the Russian capital of Moscow, but to their surprise, by the time they arrived, it was nothing more than what was once a city, but was then completely covered in flames. Most of its residents had been long gone, but had left behind many bottles of liquor, but as much liquor as there was, there was hardly any food, so the French troops did what they could, they drank and looted until Napoleon got word that Alexander I wanted to negotiate for peace. No such offer ever came, and with the flusters of snow having already fallen, Napoleon had nothing else to do but lead his army out of Moscow on the 19th of October, as he realized that they could not survive a winter in
The war in Spain, where the communist barbarity dug its claws into our territory taking the lives of our best, now has its continuation in the Russian steppes where the
This article will be important in crafting a scenario in which Arctic competition boils over into the realm of international tension, possibly bubbling into a crisis. Russia’s military assets in the region is extensive when compared to that of the United States. Russia’s impressive presence in the region can be attributed to leftover assets and foreign policy for the Cold War era, as well as a continuous vision of Russian resurgence both internationally and in the North Pole by Vladimir Putin.
E. H. Car and Moshe Lewis. Political undercurrents in Soviet economic debates: from Bukharin to
Dating back to the Ottoman Empire, tensions between the Kurds and the state were apparent. As the Republic of Turkey developed, a strong sense of nationalism engulfed the country, which led to the oppression of many non-Turkish elements of society. Through this oppression we see attempts in the 1920’s and 1930’s at Kurdish autonomy with the eventual development of the PKK in 1978. With the first armed attack against Turkish soldiers in 1984 we see the issue gaining pace and becoming more severe. The Kurdish problem has claimed the lives of around 35,000 people, displaced even more, and has created economic and political problems not only domestically, but also internationally. Becoming one of Turkeys most important security issues, there have been attempts at peace on multiple occasions, but until now they were to no avail. This essay attempts to address various aspects of the Kurdish Problem; the domestic implications the Kurdish problem has created, such as the political disarray that develops when discussing the creation of pro-Kurdish parties, their opposition, and their inability to have any form of success within the government. The “terror problem.” The economic impact associated with regions most closely related to the Kurdish people. International implications dealing with Turkey, it’s neighbors, and the United States. Syria and Iraq are essential to discuss when dealing with the Kurdish problem because they add greater context to an issue that spans along the borders of multiple states. Furthermore, this essay will conclude with a discussion of the resolution attempts to the decades long dilemma such as recent developments, expectations by both sides, and prospects for the future.
In 1994 to 1996, Chechnya had its first of two wars with Russia. The war was over the fact that many basic human rights were taken away. Chechnya wanted to be free from Russia. The attacks were brutal and more than a tenth of the population was killed. Chechnya lost the war and were still a part of the Russian Republic. There was some unstable peace from 1996 to 1999, but in 2000, the second war began. It was over the exact same thing. Once again. Chechnya lost, and they are still a part of the Russian Republic today. The two wars completely destroyed
The Azerbaijani state agencies, NGOs and local authorities have kept a very strict quantitative record of the material losses. The overall area of the occupied territories constitutes one fifth of the territories of Azerbaijan or 13. 210 square km - Nagorno-Karabakh and seven adjacent districts. The occupied regions of Azerbaijan have been almost totally destroyed and looted. Great economic damage has been inflicted also to 4 regions of Azerbaijan bordering with Armenia, 4 regions adjacent to the line of contact, and the territories of the administrative regions of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. From the beginning of the war, more than 877 settlements have been burned and destroyed: more than 150 thousand houses and apartments (across 9.1 million square miles) have been destroyed and robbed and around 1 million people were forced to leave their homes, becoming refugees and IDP...
The conflict between the Ukraine and Russia is the Ukraine's most long-standing and deadly crisis; since its post-Soviet independence began as a protest against the government dropping plans to forge closer trade ties with the European Union. The conflict between Russia and the Ukraine stems from more than twenty years of weak governance, the government’s inability to promote a coherent executive branch policy, an economy dominated by oligarchs and rife with corruption, heavy reliance on Russia, and distinct differences between Ukraine's population from both Eastern and Western regions in terms of linguistics, religion and ethnicity (Lucas 2009).
Kurdistan is a region located between Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. The Kurds are the biggest ethnicity on the planet without a state to this day. This paper will focus on the Iraqi part of Kurdistan, for it has come the closest to a state-like notion as per Weber’s definition. Iraqi Kurdistan is a region characterized by many diplomatic issues due to lack of acceptance as a state. The region was established through an autonomy agreement with Iraqi government in 1970 after decades of disputes between the Iraqi government and the Kurds in the north. The region had already established a government, but it lacked many characteristics that are applicable to a state. The constant conflict with the Iraqi government has been ongoing since the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the end of World War I. The League of Nations with the British at the head of the reshaping of the borders in the Middle East divided the Kurdish people between the four countries mentioned earlier. Many states in the world today are based on Max Weber’s definition of a state, “monopoly on the legitimate use of violence in a given territory”. Iraqi Kurdistan has some of the traits required to be a state per the definition, but it has not been accepted as one by the international community (Oslon 672). Thus, it can be argued that the Kurdish region did not gain international acceptance as a state due to lack of a standing army and an established territory, according to Weber’s notion of a state.