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Racism in literature
Brief history of racism in literature
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White Resistance to Somewhere in the Darkness
I feel compelled to revisit the one novel we have read that created the most resistance in me and would quite possibly do so in a significant population of white readers: Walter Dean Myers' Somewhere in the Darkness. That the book is well written or valuable to readers is irrelevant here -- I enthusiastically grant both. Of greater concern in this discussion is the notion of resistance to the book that could easily be encountered with a particular population of suburban, white readers, namely those who would seem to have the most in common with Jimmy and who, paradoxically, would most likely resist the book.
The readers who comprise this group have much in common with Jimmy. They are largely lower-middle class and come from either fatherless homes, what might easily be considered dysfunctional two-parent homes, and/or live with extended families in lieu of their natural parents. In any case, the parent(s) are possibly absent from the home a great deal of the time, involved in a variety of dating practices and sexual promiscuity, caught up in illegal activity and often incarcerated or have been, oppressed by substance abuse of some type, and/or often living in an environment of either subtle or overt racism. I have made no effort to quantitatively justify the particulars of this description though such a study would undoubtedly prove enlightening. Rather, I assert this general description based on 12 years of experience of living in a white, lower middle-class suburb. In some ways, we could easily view these readers as insiders in that they share with Jimmy some elements of a common familial experience, but it is the cultural differences between white and ...
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...ility: there is no hope for me or my kind.
A white reader's resistance to Walter Dean Myers' novel, Somewhere in the Darkness, is inevitable, particularly when that white reader has more in common with the protagonist than not. It seems the closer in circumstance the white reader is to Jimmy, the more he/she might resist to his cultural differences because those underlying cultural differences cause Jimmy to act in ways that seem unlikely to a white reader. The key is to be aware of those differences and be willing to see what Jimmy sees -- from his point of view. If we are willing to do that, then Myers' work is a wonderful and effective way to learn not only about Jimmy and his culture but also about ourselves and the hopes we have for our lives.
Works Cited:
Myers, W. D. Somewhere in the darkness. New York: Scholastic Book Services.1992.
Amina Gautier has been awarded with Best African American Fiction and New Stories from the South; in addition, she has successfully created At Risk. Gautier’s story is based on the African American community and the different types of struggle families can realistically face. However, if a white person would have written this exact story it could have been misinterpreted and considered racist. Stereotypes such as fathers not being present, delinquencies and educational status are presented in the various short stories. “Boogiemen”, “Afternoon Tea” and “Some Other Kind of Happiness” are all examples of stories in which the father is not present.
Jones, Rhett S. "Nigger and Knowledge. White Double-Consciousness in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Satire or Evasion? Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn. Ed. James Leonard, et al. Durham: Duke UP, 1992. 173-194.
Although the main character in the book was white, the author, Sue Kidd, does a great job of depicting the African American culture during the time. Whether it was Rosaleen getting beat up in jail, or Zach dreaming of being a lawyer, this book showed you what it was like being a minority during a time when rights where still being fought for. One of the smaller conflicts in the story was a man verses man conflict, when Lily and Zach started to like each other. Though they knew that a colored man, and a white girl could never be together, they both were attracted to each other. Were they not from different cultures, people would have been fine with them dating, but because Zach was black, it couldn?t work out.
Lareau, Annette. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011. Print.
Born on September 4th, 1908, Richard Nathan Wright grew up encountering numerous challenges in life (Ellison 5). In his later days, he began writing novel, poems, short stories and non-fiction books which were sometimes controversial. One outstanding theme throughout Nathan’s literature work was that of racial segregation. Nathan was an African-American author whose work brought significant change on race relations within the American society in the mid 20th century. One of Nathan’s publications’ is ‘The Man who Lived Underground’, and it talks of a Fred Daniels, young black man who is discriminatorily blamed for the murder of a woman (Ellison 14). The authorities force Daniels to sign a confession to the murder, and this forces Daniels to flee for the police by disappearing underground. He ends up in sew...
All that the audience can hear at first are muffled indiscernible murmurs as it drifts through the bedroom creeping up on Sam in the dead of the night. One can make two inferences immediately based on the voice of the person on the phone and that person’s tone; one, that it is indeed Ginger, and two, that whatever she is saying and whoever she is speaking to, it was never meant for Sam’s ears. Ginger’s phone conversation is hard to make-out, and yet becomes a bit more audible as certain words and phrases (“I can’t take it, why should I take it?”) start to emerge. Sam silently opens the door to the room Ginger is in. As he stealthily walks closer, the words, “Yes I want him killed” are heard as the camera cuts over to Ginger; when Sam knows and is able to confirm what Ginger is plotting against him, the attention shifts to her. As Ace confronts her, the camera changes to a high angle that makes Ace look huge and Ginger small and almost child-like, showing their place in their relationship. Ace has power over Ginger, whereas Ginger is powerless. Does Sam proceed to drag Ginger across the bedroom when he slams her against the wall of the closet, as they argue Sam tells Ginger, “You never even loved me in the first place” while Ginger yells “Love you? How could I love you? You treat me like I’m your dog!” We as the audience have followed Sam up to this point and now must watch as he
Push yourself. Go out of your comfort zone – it is how people grow. If everyone were to remain at the same level of comfortability and simply accept what comes plainly to the surface, the world would be a much less tolerable place. Oppression, though still found about the world would be much more prevalent, especially in places like America, where people have driven movement so that things change, to prevent the infamous saying of “those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it”. It is important to find a clear understanding of what one came from – the wonderful and painful – to determine what one wishes to become (Chadwick xiii). Twain’s American theme of the negro, criticizes a subject that has been engraved in American culture from the start, while employing an excess of additional American ideals. Though a close contender, The Great Gatsby falls just short of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as it has become apart of the very culture it seeks to criticize. The discomfort that Twain’s narrative produces is indicative of the novel’s “greatness”. As David Smith concludes at the end of his analysis of the racism theme in his article, “Huck, Jim, and American Racial Discourse,” if as a society, “we, a century later, continue to be confused about Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, perhaps it is because we remain more deeply committed to both racial discourse and a self-deluding optimism
The novel is loaded with a plethora of imageries of a hostile white world. Wright shows how white racism affects the behavior, feelings, and thoughts of Bigger.
As mentioned above many products from different industries were discovered and invented which made life easier and cheaper. The factories did not spend fast amount of money on making the products as they were allowed to pay their workers as much as that suited them so it did not cost them much and the innovation of factory machines also helped them produce in big quantities. These products were very demanding which meant that it grew the economy of the making nation, “Britain’s output of coal soared from 5.23 million tons in 1750 to 68.4 million tons a century later” (Strayer, 2012; 835). The industrial revolution did not just grow the economy of industrializing countries it also helped grow the economy of non-industrializing nations. For example, Latin America was one of the non-industrialized nations however its economy grew unexpectedly as they exported demanding raw materials such as rubber, silver, coal and many more resources that were essential for the growth of the industrial revolution (Strayer, 2012; 854). Latin America’s economy depended on the export of these materials and because of their popularity and essentiality it grew the state’s
The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, English People began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines. Sometime later they invented locomotives. Productivity began a steep climb. By 1850 most Englishmen were laboring in industrial towns and Great Britain had become the workshop of the world. From Britain the Industrial Revolution spread gradually throughout Europe and to the United States.
The increasing amount of people left destitute and helpless regarding the hasty fundamental changes of the Industrial Revolution; which occurred economically, socially, and on the conditions of the workplace, affected the living standards of all, but did not occur obscure. Reform actions begun to take place; for even industrialists like Robert Owen were sincerely concerned of the direction industrialization was headed in. Endorsing with legislation, politicians together were able to ultimately relieve the working classes predicament, as well as regulating laws for child labor. Regardless of this, the expense of suffering paid by the previous working generations for this advancement in addition to our present contented standards of living was undeniably an awful one.
A main theme in this novel is the influence of family relationships in the quest for individual identity. Our family or lack thereof, as children, ultimately influences the way we feel as adults, about ourselves and about others. The effects on us mold our personalities and as a result influence our identities. This story shows us the efforts of struggling black families who transmit patterns and problems that have a negative impact on their family relationships. These patterns continue to go unresolved and are eventually inherited by their children who will also accept this way of life as this vicious circle continues.
The Industrial Revolution was the transformation from agricultural to an industrial nation. During the 1780's, the Industrial Revolution first began in England. The Industrial Revolution took place when people migrated from rural areas to urban areas to work in factories. As a result of increased population and trade, Great Britain rose to be the Mother country of the Industrial Revolution. Many natural resources like coal and oil were developed in The United Kingdom. The mother country also had a very large amount of food supply, and numerous countries to trade with. Due to these advantages, many farmers upgraded their ways of farming with added machinery. In doing so less farmers were needed to work on farms. In order for some farmers to find jobs, they deserted their agricultural homes and went to work in factories.There were poor working conditions and not enough money for the workers (Downey 266). The power of the industry that propelled British goods and guns around the globe also brought its views to other countries. Interpretations of Britain's Industrial Revolution helped shape the values and the public policies in Britain, and also fostered attitudes toward capitalism and modern industry in other countries "Industrial Revolution in Britain". The Industrial Revolution was a time of new inventions, but was very harsh.
And it is here, with 289 steam engines pumping and steaming around England that we'll leave the story of the Industrial Revolution-half-completed, you might say. The nineteenth century saw the exporting of the Industrial Revolution to Europe in the decades after 1830, and the explosion of factory-based, technology driven manufacture. The Age of Absolutism and the waning years of the Enlightenment saw Europe just beginning a new phase in its history, one that would irreperably severe it from the traditions and certainties of the past.
There were many things that helped ignite the Industrial Revolution. The most important change was the invention of machinery to do the work of hand tools, and the factory system. Before the creation of machinery children and adults did most of the work in order to have the products needed for civilized life. The Industrial Revolution was a gradual movement but it was still a radical change from the old way of producing goods. The Industrial Revolution became more powerful each year as new inventions were added into factories. The efficiency of production increased as these machines increased the speed of production.