Introduction
In strategic Management, it is important to note that strategy, competitive advantage, organisations and environments constantly change (Bettis, et al; 2014). With this ever dynamic environment, change is important and can occur unexpectedly or in other instances it occurs in a planned gradual way. During a change process, a business needs to achieve and maintain competitive advantage by using different strategies. Each of these strategies needs to be analysed by using different strategy analysis. Therefore, this essay distinguishes between the concepts “discontinuous change” and “incremental change”, and it clarifies the different terminology in Strategic Management. This essay further discusses the different levels of strategy, as well as the “inside-out” and the “outside-in” perspectives of analysing strategy.
1. Concepts in Change:
1.1 Discontinuous Change
According to Grundy (1993) as cited in Todnem (2005), discontinuous change can be defined or described as unexpected shifts in strategy and sometimes structure and culture. Unisa (2015) affirms that discontinuous change refers to shifts which occur very fast and are difficult to forecast. Furthermore, Senior (2002) as cited in Todnem (2005) points out that the causes of discontinuous change could be major problems in the micro environment and also major
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Functional units in an organisation, which includes Human Resources, Finance, Marketing and Operations, have their own strategies, but they need to work interdependently to achieve the vision of the business (Louw and Venter, 2013). An example of functional strategy is Mr Price Human Resources Department, which uses share options for employees. This helps in retaining skilled workforce, therefore gaining competitive
The strategic recommendations provided will improve and enable the business to cope with the competitors, while the implementation of the strategy section will outline the way to go about achieving these alternatives in the business setting. Lastly, we put up a discussion on the evaluation procedures and necessary controls for the business. In the case study, it was discovered that there were sources of opportunities in which the company would invest.
As such, they found it important to centralize the staffing initiative in order to maintain the unique corporate culture created in the beginning. Every one of these strategies would be focused on centralizing staffing, bringing in the best possible employees, and retaining each on a high level. Human Resource and Staffing Strategy When developing a strong and scalable human resource and staffing strategy, taking many factors into account is of the utmost importance. As reported by Olian and Rynes (1984) “the possibility that organizational characteristics like structure, size, and strategy may influence staffing” (p. 170).
Change can be defined as, “the continuous adoption of business strategies and structures in response to internal pressures
Arthur, A., Thompson, Margaret, A., Peteraf, John, E. Gamble, A., J., Strickland III. (2014). Crafting & Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage 19e: Concepts & Cases. C6-C25.
Strategic human resource management involves the development of consistent and aligned practices, programs, and policies geared toward the achievement of an organization’s strategic objectives. It requires human resources (HR) managers to abandon the standard personnel management mindset and focus instead on strategic issues. These programs must be integrated into a larger framework that facilitates the organization’s overall mission and objectives (Mello, 2015). Nordstrom considers customer service to be at the core of the company’s culture (Spector & McCarthy, 2012) and sales is their service.
Business strategy is the means by which firm’s plans to achieve its goals and objectives. It can also be termed as organization long-term planning. The strategy covers periods between 3-5 years and sometimes longer. Businesses use two major types of strategy, general or generic and competitive strategies. The overall strategy involves strategies of growth, globalization and retrenchment. The competitive advantage includes low pricing, product and customer differentiation. We will look at the business strategy used by Marks and Spenser (Cole, 1997). The company is a British multinational located at Westminster London and specializes in clothes and luxurious food products.
Organizations do not change, people do (Sullivan and Decker, 2009). A manager’s responsibility is to manage people. Change is difficult for most people and managing through the change process is not an easy task. Many theories on managing change exist, but they basically have four elements: assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation (Sullivan & Decker, 2009). A manager’s role is to examine each of these elements and apply them to the people that he or she leads.
This would pull the company together strengthening it in the face of incoming competition while keeping all its existing structure and value system intact. Rather than take away responsibility from the employees, the functional specialists together with the functional operators’ level would introduce dynamic measures of collecting and coordinating operations across the whole company and thus, not only giving direction but keeping everybody well informed about market conditions/trends and company focussed and prepared for future changes. Teams will then be able to take better decisions in view of the overall company’s short and long- run strategy. Knowing that the company is stable and well prepared for future contingencies boosts the employees’ and shareholders’ confidence.
This is a crucial part of a strategic analysis because ‘…organisations do not exist in a vacuum, they are part of a complex world’ (Bowman 1987:61) and many factors can influence operations, beneficially and unfavourably. However, these can be difficult to comprehend due to their complexity, diversity and fast changing nature. Necessarily a number of techniques have been developed to facilitate the process and to ‘…contribute to answering the key managerial question…’of what ‘…opportunities and threats might arise in the future’ (Johnson & Scholes 2002:99).
In the 1980’s, the birth of a new concept called ‘Human Resource Management’ was born. This trend comes after an intense period of Taylorisation, Fordism and now, McDonaldisation. HRM came to counter balance these trends and to consider the concept of the Man as a Man and not as a machine. For the last several decades, the interests of companies in "strategic management" have increased in a noteworthy way. This interest in strategic management has resulted in various organizational functions becoming more concerned with their role in the strategic management process. The Human Resource Management (HRM) field has sought to become integrated into the strategic management process through the development of a new discipline referred to as Strategic Resource Management (SHRM). In current literature, the difference between SHRM and HRM is often unclear because of the interconnections linking SHRM to HRM. However, the concepts are slightly different. Thus, we can ask, what is strategic human resource management? What are the main theories and how do they work? What do they take into account and how are they integrated? What are the links between SHRM and organization strategy? In order to answer to these questions, we will precisely define strategic human resource management, followed by a look at the different approaches built by theorists, and finally, we will see the limits between the models and their applications depending on the company’s environment. Discussion Strategic Human Resource Management: definition Strategic human resource management involves the military word ‘strategy’ which is defined by Child in 1972 as "a set of fundamental or critical choices about the ends and means of a business". To be simpler, a strategy is "a statement of what the organization wants to become, where it wants to go and, broadly, how it means to get there." Strategy involves three major key factors: competitive advantages (Porter, 1985; Barney, 1991), distinctive capabilities (Kay, 1999) and the strategic fit (Hofer & Schendel 1986). Strategies must be developed with a relevant purpose to sustain the organizational goals and aims. SHRM is one of the components of the organizational strategies used to sustain the business long-term. SHRM defined as: “all those activities affecting the behaviour of individuals in their efforts to formulate and implement the strategic needs of the business. (Schuler, 1992)” or as “the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable the firm to achieve its goals.
Valdani, E., and Arbore, A., 2013. Competitive Strategies: Managing the Present, Imagining the Future. Palgrave Macmillan.
Thompson, A.A., Strickland, A.J., & Gamble, J. E. (2010). Crafting and executing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage: Concepts and cases: 2009 custom edition (17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill-Irwin
There are different types of strategic planning that are currently in use, since this is a widely debated area of management. However, it is concluded that there are two main schools of thought, the prescriptive approach or the emergent approach (Lynch, 2012). As defined by Lynch, (2012) prescriptive strategic planning is the term given to a strategy whereby the objective of the strategy is defined in advance and the main elements are designed and develop...
Introduction A comprehensive Human Resource Management Strategy plays a vital role in the achievement of an organisation’s overall strategic objectives and visibly illustrates that the human resources function fully understands and supports the direction in which the organisation is moving. A comprehensive HRM Strategy will also support other specific strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, operational and technology departments. In essence, an HRM strategy’s aim should be to capture the ‘people’ part of an organisation and its medium to long-term projection of what it wants to achieve, ensuring that. It employs the right people, those have the right mix of skills, employees show the correct behaviours and attitudes, and employees have the opportunity to be developed the right way.
Organisational change can arise due to a change in strategy and this begins with examining capabilities and the internal environment. This is portrayed in the Strategy diamond. Firstly through arenas the organisation can plan where they will be active in and which part to place most emphasis on for example technologies or value creation strategies. Only after determining this can they implement a positive change, leading to the next element, vehicles to get them where they need to be such as alliances. This can lead to change in management along with strategic partnerships, and the way managers transition to this change will determine if the strategy impacts on the overall organisation in a way that reinforces its purpose and goals. Partnerships indicate how an organisation can strengthen its capabilities by merging with businesses who possess the skills they lack. (Carpenter et al. 2010)