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Descartes vs hume essay
Rationalism vs empiricism philosophy
Descartes skeptical method
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“I think, therefore I am.” Descartes famous quote that lead to his “method of doubt”. Also known as “Cartesian doubt”, Descartes states that all knowledge is derived from reason over emotions. That we must forget what we know and start from the scratch. To gain reliable knowledge, one must doubt everything he has ever known. Descartes believes to truly understand ourselves and our surrounding environment, we must reliably understand fact from fiction at its simplest form, and use that as a foundation to further expand on. ”I think, therefore I am”. Descartes knows that senses must not be trusted because they can be deceiving. For example, if I take a straw and place it in a cup of water, the straw will bend. This example clearly showcases how are senses can deceive us, …show more content…
So, everything we know from our senses, are no longer reliable and cannot be trusted when trying to understand fact or fiction. Furthermore, when trying to understand Descartes, we must understand “I think”. Descartes can doubt his body and all physical things, but he cannot doubt his own mind because he can doubt, and to doubt means to think. Now that he knows for certain that he is a thinking thing, “therefor I am”. Using his method, we can now advance from there using reason. Reason over everything, the basis of the method of doubt. This measure of thinking is night and day when compared to none other than David Hume. The Scottish philosopher David Hume takes Descartes method of doubt and tosses it in the crapper. Hume has a much-altered view on rationalism and Descartes’s doubt method. Especially Descartes trashing of senses and feeling.
Does Descartes give any good reason for saying that his mind could exist without his body?
Baird and Kaufmann, the editors of our text, explain in their outline of Descartes' epistemology that the method by which the thinker carried out his philosophical work involved first discovering and being sure of a certainty, and then, from that certainty, reasoning what else it meant one could be sure of. He would admit nothing without being absolutely satisfied on his own (i.e., without being told so by others) that it was incontrovertible truth. This system was unique, according to the editors, in part because Descartes was not afraid to face doubt. Despite the fact that it was precisely doubt of which he was endeavoring to rid himself, he nonetheless allowed it the full reign it deserved and demanded over his intellectual labors. "Although uncertainty and doubt were the enemies," say Baird and Kaufmann (p.16), "Descartes hit upon the idea of using doubt as a tool or as a weapon. . . . He would use doubt as an acid to pour over every 'truth' to see if there was anything that could not be dissolved . . . ." This test, they explain, resulted for Descartes in the conclusion that, if he doubted everything in the world there was to doubt, it was still then certain that he was doubting; further, that in order to doubt, he had to exist. His own existence, therefore, was the first truth he could admit to with certainty, and it became the basis for the remainder of his epistemology.
One of Rene Descartes’ major culminations in Meditations on First Philosophy is “I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind” (Descartes:17). This statement can be explicated by examining Descartes’ Cartesian method of doubt and his subsequent discovery of basic truths. Even though I do believe that Descartes concludes with a statement that is accurate: cogito ergo sum, there are areas of his proof that are susceptible to defamation. These objections discover serious error with Descartes’ method used in determining the aforementioned conclusion.
In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes narrates the search for certainty in order to recreate all knowledge. He begins with “radical doubt.” He asks a simple question “Is there any one thing of which we can be absolutely certain?” that provides the main question of his analysis. Proceeding forward, he states that the ground of his foundation is the self – evident knowledge of the “thinking thing,” which he himself is.
Descartes major concern is what we can know to be actually real. This concern starts from a dream he has, in his dream he thinks he is actually awake, so when Descartes does wake up he begins to question reality. On page 75 and 76 he says “ But I had the persuasion that there was absolutely nothing in the world, that there was no sky and no earth, neither minds nor bodies; I was not, therefore, at the same time, persuaded that I did not exists? To solve this he tosses out all emotions and reasons to try to figure out what actually exists. He starts himself on this hyperbolic doubt, increasing levels of doubt, meaning he continues to doubt himself until what he is left with is Cogito Ergo Sum. . Cogito Ergo Sum is being aware of disembodied thinking. He uses this as proof of his existence, because having thought, whether wrong or right, is proof that one does exist.
Rene Descartes’ greatest work, Meditations on First Philosophy, attempts to build the base of knowledge through a skeptical point of view. In the First Meditation, Descartes argues that his knowledge has been built on reason and his senses, yet how does he know that those concepts are not deceiving him? He begins to doubt that his body exists, and compares himself to an insane person. What if he is delusional about his social ranking, or confused about the color of his clothes, or even unaware of the material that his head is made of? This is all because the senses are deceiving, even in our dreams we experience realistic visions and feelings. Finally, Descartes comes to the conclusion that everything must be doubted, and begins to build his
It is easy for us to believe that what we experience with our senses is true, including in our dreams, but according to Descartes, we should look beyond our senses and use reasoning to determine what is certain. Descartes’ question, “For how do we now that the thoughts that arise in us while we are dreaming are more false than others, since they are often no less vivid and explicit?” (34), is asked so that we will acknowledge that our senses can easily mislead us. This should then cause us to use reasoning to differentiate between truth and illusion, and both authors agree that reasoning should be the guide to true knowledge. Though he believes in the attainability of certain knowledge through using reasoning, Descartes argues that there are only a few things about which we can be certain. Descartes’s philosophy “Cogito, Ergo Sum,” which means I think, therefore I am proves this. He believes that because our mind acknowledges that we can think and have doubts, we can be sure of our existence; if we stopped th...
Montaigne and Descartes both made use of a philosophical method that focused on the use of doubt to make discoveries about themselves and the world around them. However, they doubted different things. Descartes doubted all his previous knowledge from his senses, while Montaigne doubted that there were any absolute certainties in knowledge. Although they both began their philosophical processes by doubting, Montaigne doubting a constant static self, and Descartes doubted that anything existed at all, Descartes was able to move past that doubt to find one indubitably certainty, “I think, therefore I am”.
Descartes’ first two Meditations are arguably the most widely known philosophical works. Because of this, one can make the error of assuming that Descartes’ method of doubt is self-evident and that its philosophical implications are relatively minor. However, to assume this would be a grave mistake. In this paper, I hope to spread light on exactly what Descartes’ method of doubt is, and how, though it furnishes challenges for the acceptance of the reality of the external world, it nonetheless does not lead to external world skepticism.
While on his journey to reveal the absolute truths and debunk anything that could be considered doubtful, Descartes’ experiences using this form of skepticism has allowed him to
In Meditations, Descartes brings doubt to everything he believes because it is human nature to believe that which is false. He states that most of what he believes comes from the senses and that a lot of times those senses can be deceived. His conclusion of doubting everything is based on his example of a basket of apples. It goes as follows; you have a basket of apples but you fear that some apples have gone bad and you don't want them to rot the others, so you throw all the apples out of the basket. Now that the basket is empty you examine each apple carefully and return the good apples to the basket. This is what he does with his beliefs, he follows and keeps only those beliefs of which he is sure of. Our beliefs as a whole must be discarded and then each individual belief must be looked at carefully before we can accept it. We must only accept those beliefs we feel are good.
Rene Descartes, a 17th century French philosopher believed that the origin of knowledge comes from within the mind, a single indisputable fact to build on that can be gained through individual reflection. His Discourse on Method (1637) and Meditations (1641) contain his important philosophical theories. Intending to extend mathematical method to all areas of human knowledge, Descartes discarded the authoritarian systems of the scholastic philosophers and began with universal doubt. Only one thing cannot be doubted: doubt itself. Therefore, the doubter must exist. This is the kernel of his famous assertion Cogito, ergo sum (I am thinking, therefore I am existing). From this certainty Descartes expanded knowledge, step by step, to admit the existence of God (as the first cause) and the reality of the physical world, which he held to be mechanistic and entirely divorced from the mind; the only connection between the two is the intervention of God.
It can go to as far as to be a challenge to our very concept of rationality Rene Descartes was the first to doubt the world around us. The different stages of “methodological doubt” was created by Descartes as a basic means of fighting skepticism and attempting to overcome the problem of “cogito”. Descartes was the first to raise the baffling question of how we can be so certain about anything of the world around us. It was believed that by doubting all things of existence, including his own senses, and breaking down everything to as small as the process of reasoning itself. It is believed that if any of the ‘truths’ of this world being put into question by his extreme skepticism, then surly it is truly unquestionable and thus a perfect foundation for knowledge.
Hume looks down upon the idea that we ‘have recourse to the veracity of the Supreme Being in order to prove the veracity of our senses’ . Here, Hume thinks that Descartes’ reasoning concerning theology cannot deal with the antecedent or the consequent sceptic, and, when looking at Hume’s arguments, it’s hard to argue with him on this. Hume develops sceptical arguments which attempt to demonstrate that our belief formation processes are, in fact, self-undermining – these arguments are what come together to form Humean Scepticism. Hume, similar to Descartes, is not a sceptic himself, however, it is his method which condones scepticism; Hume utilises this to teach the reader that belief is not lead by
Through skepticism and doubt Descartes raised a simple yet complex question, what can I be certain of if I doubt everything? Struck by all of the falsehoods he had come to believe, Descartes set out to determine through reason what was certain and able to exist beyond doubt. In order for his habitual opinions and false knowledge to not interfere with his ability to perceive things as they truly were, Descartes doubted everything. In terms of the physical body, our senses tell us that there are external ligaments and matter that come together to produce a body. However, when we are skeptical and doubt all previous knowledge, we are then deceived by our senses and the physical body cannot be proven to exist. Even while doubting the existence of the physical body, Descartes was still able to project skepticism and have thoughts of doubt. There must have been a thinking thing thinking those doubts. For this reason, Descartes concluded that though he may not be certain that the physical body exists, he can be certain that he in fact does exist, “I am, then, in the strict since only a thinking thing that thinks,” (Cottingham 5). Thought has proven to be inseparable from “I” and there must be a self that exists. While nonmaterial, self is the intellect and faculty of thought. “I think, therefore I am,” Descartes concluded to be the single most certain fact and closest statement to an ultimate truth. We can doubt all previous knowledge and beliefs, but we cannot assume that we who are able to have thoughts such as doubts, do not exist.