A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat. This heat is supplied to a working substance at high temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable machines, heat energy is converted into useful work. Heat engines can be further divided into two types: (i) External combustion and (ii) Internal combustion. In a steam engine the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine and the steam thus formed is used to run the engine. Thus, it is known as external combustion engine. In the case of internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder itself. The IC engine can be further classified as: (i) stationary …show more content…
The ignition of the mixture is caused by an electric spark and is known as spark ignition. Compression Ignition (Diesel Type) IC Engine In this only the liquid fuel is injected in the cylinder under high pressure. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF IC ENGINE: The cross section of IC engine is shown in Fig. 1. A brief description of these parts is given below. Cylinder: The cylinder of an IC engine constitutes the basic and supporting portion of the engine power unit. Its major function is to provide space in which the piston can operate to draw in the fuel mixture or air (depending upon spark ignition or compression ignition), compress it, allow it to expand and thus generate power. The cylinder is usually made of high-grade cast iron. In some cases, to give greater strength and wear resistance with less weight, chromium, nickel and molybdenum are added to the cast iron. Chart 1. Types of Heat Engines AG ENGG. 243 Lecture 3 2 Piston: The piston of an engine is the first part to begin movement and to transmit power to
This paper has informed you on multiple parts and operations of 7.3 litre injectors. Listing their parts, both internal and external. How the entire system works as one, and how it makes the engine run. Without fuel of some sort the engine would not run. So with this research paper I hope you have learned something.
Combustion is an exothermic reaction that reacts when in contact with oxygen producing heat and a new product. These reactions are as exothermic as it gets. The general form of a combustion reaction is the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water. Hydrocarbon + O₂→CO₂+H₂O. Occasionally, these reactions can release light and produce a flame. To start a reaction, most require a flame to provide heat and initiate the reaction. Combustion is a very common reaction. It's what makes our cars go, and it's what burning is. It is containing carbon which reacts with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O. A simple example of the combustion of Methane, a natural gas, CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H2O. Another example includes the burning of naphthalene with the equation C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O. The combustion of ethane is 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O which is another example. A real life example is the combustion of gunpowder. Gunpowder is a mix of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. The potassium nitrate decomposes at a high temperature to provide the oxygen needed. The charcoal and sulfur are the fuels in this reaction. The equation for this reaction is as follows 2 KNO₃ + S +3 C →K₂S + N₂ + 3 CO₂. An incomplete reaction occurs when the oxygen is
The Wankel rotary engine named after the designer, Felix Wankel, was engineered in the early 1930’s. The rotary engine was unlike the conventional four stroke internal combustion engines and lacked the need for pistons, valves and camshafts. With only three moving parts involved in the design, this engine showed great promise in reliability and efficiency. The first Wankel rotary model was shown in 1960, not as an engine, but as a pump drive. Instead of the very complicated system involved in a conventional reciprocating piston engine, the wankel engine incorporated triangular “rotors” (see figure 1) that rotate within an epitrochoidal chamber around an eccentric shaft. Not only is this engine much more simple (only 3 moving parts rather
There is three propellers which were working by the steam, the rotation of the propellers were working by the movement.
Insert the key, turn, and vroom. And down the road you go. Most people take for granted the strange conglomeration of metal and plastic under that sheet of metal either in front or back of their vehicle. The engine as you may have guessed, is modern marvel- so to speak. They’re found in cars, trucks, boats, airplanes…All with various power outputs.
For over a century people have relied on automobiles, planes and trains as means of transportation, industry and agriculture, it has become such a successful necessity in the modern world that it has become a need for people to use them to get by. Now sure the three basic means of transportation are entirely different in the way the function and their use. All of these means of transportation would not be possible without this invention transportation could not be possible, The Internal Combustion Engine. You might be wondering what is exactly is an Internal Combustion Engine? It’s actually a simple concept but the way it’s performed can becoming very complex. The function of is to create a pulling force through a controlled explosion of compressed air and fuel inside a combustion chamber which then pulls a crank. Depending on what type of platform the engine is on will determine what the crank turns, for an example in a car the crank then turns either a front or rear axle which that axle transversely turns a wheel. In order for this engine to function in needs three elements - air, fuel and spark and without one of these elements the engine will not function, so it takes precise timing and careful planning by the Engineers to make the engine work as required.
· A good fuel should produce a lot of heat energy and use a small
“The Fuel & Engine.” Car Bibles. N.p., 15 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. .
Heat is thermal energy being transferred from one place to another, because of temperature changes. This can take place by three processes. These three processes are known as conduction, convection, and radiation.
This along with the lighter construction of a two-stroke makes it the preferred motor used in small vehicles and tools (Two Stroke Engine). A two-stroke engine is operated by first drawing the mixture of fuel and air into the chamber by the vacuum caused by the upward stroke of the piston. During the downward piston stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed due to the increased pressure within the chamber. The mixture is compressed in the chamber throughout the stroke. As the stroke ends, the intake port is exposed allowing the mixture to escape into the main cylinder, expelling the exhaust gasses in the process and some of the fuel mixture as well. Momentum then causes the piston to rise, compressing the mixture as another stroke is beginning. Once the stroke reaches its peak, the spark plug will ignite the mixture causing the fuel to expand driving the piston down thus completing the cycle while additionally initiating a new
The invention of internal combustion engines in the early 19th century has led to the discovery of utilisation of cheap energy that is petroleum and this enabled the world to develop and progress into the modern world today. Humans were able to accomplish more work done with little manual labour, using internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Internal combustion engine are mechanical power devices that convert heat energy to mechanical energy with the combustion process taking place in a system boundary (Rolle, 2005). Among the internal combustion engine invented in the 19th century were the Otto engine, Diesel engine and gas turbine engine. Gas turbine engine is one of the popular engines used today due to its high torque per weight ratio relative to other types of internal combustion engines. As explained by Cengel and Boles (2011), the gas turbine engine works on a 6 stages process, namely air intake, compression, fuel injection, combustion, expansion and exhaust (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature decreases, while its volume increases. The decrease in pressure and temperature occurs as the steam transmits energy to the shaft and performs work. After passing through the last turbine stage, the steam exhausts into the condenser or process steam system. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical erringly through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against the blades.
electricity as the “fuel” instead of gasoline or some other combustible fuel. The electric motor in
In order for a system to gain energy the surroundings have to supply it, and visa versa when the system looses energy the surroundings must gain it. As the energy is transferred it can be converted form its original form to another as the transfer takes place, but the energy will never be created or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, basically restates that energy can’t be destroyed or created “as follows: the total energy of the universe is a constant.” All around the conservation of energy is applied. When gasoline burns in the engine of a car, an equal amount of work and heat appear as the energy is released. The heat from the engine warms its surroundings, the cars parts, the air, and the passenger area. The heat energy is converted into the electrical energy of the radio, chemical energy of the battery, and radiant energy of the lights. The change in the sum of all of the energies formed from the burnt gasoline would be equal to the “…change in energy between the reactants and products.” Biological processes, like photosynthesis, also follow energy conservation. The green plants convert the radiant energy emitted by the Sun into useful chemical energy, such as the oxygen that we breathe. The energy transferred between any surroundings and any system can be in the form of various types of work, chemical, mechanical, radiant, electrical, or heat.