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Chapter 12 earth's interior
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Recommended: Chapter 12 earth's interior
Plate Tectonics There are two main ways scientists learned about Earth’s interior. During earthquakes, seismic waves form, in which scientists use. For example, seismic waves travel through earth by speed and path that travel through earth. They study how seismic waves travel through Earth by how fast and which path it goes. The second main way is the rock samples are very useful that are drilled and scientists looked at rocks that came to the surface. An example of this is that they drilled into the earth and found rocks that came to the surface. In conclusion, scientists study about the earth’s interior by using two main ways.
Crust, Mantle, Core There are three main layers of earth, the crust, mantle, and core. The first main layer is the crust which is the outer
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The first type of evidence Alfred Wegener found was land features. For example, he found coal fields in North America and Europe line up. He also found mountain ranges in South America and Africa line up and he attempted to put the continents together like a puzzle. The second type of evidence Alfred Wegener found was fossils. An example of this is that he found a fern like plant called Glossopteris that he found in rocks in Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. He found the Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus fossils which were found on continents separated by oceans. The last type of evidence Alfred Wegener found was climate zones. An example in the textbook is that he studied fossils and rocks and looked for evidence of past climates. He found an island in the Arctic which is called Spitsbergen which once had a warm climate. He also found tropical plant fossils. He found out that South Africa has a warm climate. In glaciers, he found scratches in rocks from glaciers. In conclusion, the three types of evidence Alfred Wegener found was land features, fossils, and climate
The Mantle makes up 70% of the Earth’s mass and is mostly solid but capable of flow, causing changes in the Earth’s surface.
Earthquakes play a major role into understanding the composition and materials that exist within the Earth (Merali and Skinner, 2009, p.252). Earthquakes are the main source of insight into the inner workings of the earth, due to the nature of the seismic waves they produce. P and S waves are reflected and refracted at different boundaries within the earth, and this enables seismologists to make inferences about the internal composition and structural of planet Earth. (Merali and Skinner, 2009, p.252).
Earthquakes are a natural part of the Earth’s evolution. Scientific evidence leads many geologists to believe that all of the land on Earth was at one point in time connected. Because of plate tectonic movements or earthquakes, continental drift occurred separating the one massive piece of land in to the seven major continents today. Further evidence supports this theory, starting with the Mid-Atlantic ridge, a large mass of plate tectonics, which are increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean while shrinking the Pacific. Some scientists believe that the major plate moveme...
in circumference. The outer few miles of lithosphere is made up of rock called crust.
7. Refer to Figure 22-6. What name is given to the core of the modern-day North American continent that formed in the Proterozoic?
What have they learned since the quake quite allot. The fault moved in a fashion that geologists of
regions of the earth can indicate which rock layer is older than the other. Trilobite fossils
...resence of fossils on different continents with the knowledge of the time; there was no overhead picture of how South America looked when fit next to Africa. Wegener saw mountains, knew what the continents looked like from above, and felt earthquakes to know that there could possibly be something more the Earth. Since he could not prove the tectonic theory without going underwater he fell short but after some underwater discoveries it was found he was right. Because of new information and technology a theory can be discredited and a new one can replace it causing a paradigm shift in thought. It is up to the individual to accept or refute the specific paradigm but everyone must know that there is more than one explanation for things that occur in nature. Alfred Wegener theory of plate tectonics clearly represents Thomas Kuhn’s idea of paradigm shift of a theory.
Core/Interior: The Earth has three layers to it's interior, the inner core, outer core, and mantle. Of these the outer core is thought to be liquid. Like most of the terrestrial planets at birth, the Earth has been molten and undergone some differentiation allowing the heavy material which is consisting mostly of an iron, nickel, and cobalt core making it's density five and a half times the density of water.
Psychology is the study of the mind and the behavior of mammals. Geology is a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life, recorded in rocks. The earth is consistently moving its tectonic plates. Therefore, there may be over 100 earthquakes a day; most of these earthquakes go unnoticed by humans on the crust of the earth. Other earthquakes for example, the one in 2011 located in Japan and the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 (Earth- Marshak). Unfortunately, many people died in horrific ways during these deadly earthquakes, leaving thousands diagnosed with psychological disorders such as, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Specific Phobias directly related to the natural environment of the earth.
Darwin later made his second relevant discovery at Falkland Island. Darwin spent his time there collecting fossils. Darwin noticed how different the fossils on the island were from those he found on the coast of South America. During his stay, he decided to do comparative studies between all the fossils,
...of mantle plumes, forming the first persisting oceanic lithosphere as observed in Nebel et al. (2013). This early lithosphere may have been buoyant enough to form cratonic nuclei (Nebel et al., 2014). Subduction is thought to be an essential process in the formation of modern continental crust, yet this early formation model does not involve subduction or the preexistence of continental crust. I conclude that the evolution of crust was a gradual process that may have only required consistent mantle plumes melting and forming original crustal material, which agree with the interpretations of Nebel et al. (2013) though opposing new observations (i.e. Valley et al., 2014) suggest a much cooler Hadean crust. Therefore future models of early crustal formation will be developed from either the presence of cooler (wetter) or hotter (dryer) conditions on Earth’s surface.
The lithosphere is an open system, which contains all of the cold, hard, solid rock of the planet's crust (surface), the hot semi-solid rock that lies underneath the crust, the hot liquid rock near the center of the planet, and the solid iron core (center) of the planet (Answers.com). On Earth, the lithosphere comprises the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is about sixty miles thick (Lenkeit).
The interior structure of the earth is made up of crust, the mantle and core (inner core and outer core). Earthquakes occur on the crust. Crust forms the external layer of the earth surface. On the crust, the plate tectonics forces are in charge of causing the abrupt earth movements. Due to the existence of an immense temperature and concurrent pressure difference in the outer layer and inner layer of the earth, convection currents occur at the mantle. This energy results from overwhelming decomposition of radioactive substances contained by the rocks found at the interior of the earth. The developed convection currents lead to movement of lava; cold lava finds its way to the interior of the earth crust, while the molten lava which is generally hot, leaves the interior of the earth to the outside of the earth crust. These kinds of circulations occur at different locations of the earth surface and consequently results in segmentation of the earth due to movement in different directions.