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How the Greeks were able to win the Persian Wars
Persian and Greece war
The persian wars sparta and athens
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As much as one would want to take a definite stance and either condemn completely or support the formation of the Delian League as a Greek success story of ancient past, I really have to pause and consider both the pros and cons. I really do believe that there are both good sides to its formation and also bad sides, and even to the extent of holding the view that the cons outweigh the pros in the formation of the Delian Leagues ultimately. The Delian League has its mission or goals for which it was formed. It was formed as a direct response to the Persian threat of invasion of Greek territory. Its goals were to ward off Persian threat of invasion in the sense of defense, go ahead to attack and punish Persian for its aggression in the sense The Greeks of smaller city-states found the league a trap they were in from which they could no longer escape or secede and spare themselves from the overwhelming influence of Athens. The league became hegemonic and the Athenians were the “master brother” to whom it was obligatory for smaller city-states to offer not only arms, but financial contribution in the form of tax so Athens can make its bigger and stronger presence and share in defending the lands of the Greeks. With Athens espousing interest in forming a league that will continue fighting Persia, it now posed a threat as much as the Persians against its fellow Greeks in its ambition to become an empire. Eventually, it appears that the wars between the Greeks and Persia, and the civil wars among the Greeks were all needless to say the least and waste of resources and human life. In my view, it does exemplify my belief that all wars are unnecessary. The Greeks who were threatened by Persia ended up allying with the foreign enemy against their internal enemy. Sparta and other Greek city states went as far as receiving support from Persia to counter
There is no coincidence that the rise of Athenian Democracy goes chronologically hand in hand with the rise of the Athenian Navy. Following the defeat of the Persians by the Greeks, Athens’ naval successes allow it to surpass the previous naval power of Corinth; create the Delian league to fund and support this navy; and eventually ruffle enough feathers with their fellow Hellenic neighbours that they inspire the Peloponnesian war. Overall their naval reputation and intimidation comes from the skill of the men who maneuver and command the ships, and the tool they use to wield their power, the Athenian trireme. By looking at the design of the trireme, and the work and numbers put both into the ship and the men that drive it, hopefully both the wealth and skill of the Athenian navy can be appropriately highlighted. In the end, it is this immense power and resources that allow the Athenians to overstep their limits and caused such demoralizing defeats such as the expedition at Syracuse and the eventual loss of the Peloponnesian war, after which they prove unable to grow to the same undefeated sea power they were.
According to Thucydides, t... ... middle of paper ... ... henian who had lead the siege against Samos, realised this but also appreciated the dangers of changing this tactic all together – ‘Your empire is now like a tyranny: it may have been wrong to take it; it is certainly dangerous to let it go’. To this extent, it is reasonable that Athens should use such extreme measures, as it seemed to be the only way in which she could uphold her power and keep her allies close. Yet by doing so she had transformed the original aims of the Delian League entirely, which had a purpose to promote freedom and independence.
Thucydides was right to claim that all wars can be explained by Fear, Honor, and Interest. All Wars are related to the three characteristics as stated by Dr. Nation (Dr. Nation video). The Athenians thought process was that the weak would be ruled by the strong and that was the nature of conflict (Strassler p. 43). Looking at the Peloponnesian war itself will illustrate how fear, honor and interest were involved with how this war developed. The initial unnamed Athenian that made that statement was probably using it to deter war with Sparta when it mostly incited the war (Dr. Nation Video). The Athenians wanted to maintain and sustain their city state but also expand it. They were expanding through their alliances and this is what invoked the
Athens and Sparta came into conflict through Athens’ position as an imperial power. The textbook says, “The emergence of Athens as an imperial power after the Persian invasion aroused the suspicions of other Greek states and led to open hostilities between former allies” (page 127, paragraph 22). Although Athens and Sparta had joined together to defeat Persia, Athens’ hunger for power caused a rift to form between the two city-states. Athens was corrupt and kept much of the wealth to themselves, and it seems Sparta was not pleased with that thus was the start of the Peloponnesian wars. A possible factor to explain the outcome is evidenced in lines, “Pericles knew that, as long as Athens controlled the sea lanes and was able to provision itself, the enemy hoplites must soon return to their farms and the city could not be starved into submission” (page 128, paragraph 22). Athens was much too cocky and confident in their navy, not believing anyone could come close to touching their power. This was obviously not the case, as the textbook says, “The Persian Empire had bankrolled the construction of ships by the Spartan alliance, so Sparta finally was able to take the conflict into Athens’ own element, the sea” (page 128, paragraph 23). Athens never accounted for Sparta to take get assistance from an outside source-let alone a former enemy- or even for Sparta to attack from the sea. Athens had faith in Sparta staying on land and because Athens was so arrogant, Sparta
Of all the history of the Ancient Greece, there were two events that showed really well how disunity among the Greeks highly contributed to its downfall, which were the Peloponnesian War and Successors’ War. Interestingly, both wars occurred after a unity and followed by a unity that was carried out by “outsiders”. This may have actually shown that the Greeks had never learned from their past
The League of Nations was created shortly after World War One and had a similar purpose to the Treaty of Versailles - to keep peace between the countries. However, the League was too apathetic and in the long run, was full of failures. The League had many instances in which they weren 't able to keep the peace between countries. Examples of these failures are when Italy attacked the port of Fiume which was given to Yugoslavia, or when France and Belgium invaded Germany’s biggest industrial zone, Ruhr. For both of these
...ssert that it is just to expand their empire because they are stronger, and it has always been established that the weaker are to be ruled by the stronger. Those with power to use force, "have no need to go to law," and the weaker must give in to the stronger. The Athenians felt that their intentions were just, and according to Thrasymachus, they were.
The roots of the Peloponnesian war can be traced long before 431 BCE, when it officially started. It can be traced back to as early as the Persian Wars, where the Athenians had found their home burned by the hands of the Persians. That disaster left the Athenians with no home and no sanctuary. Even though that was a defeated battle amidst a victorious war, they still had reason to believe that the Persians will come back for more. Apprehensive at the thought of having their city burned yet another time, the Athenians knew they had to do something. Naturally, they chose to get help. Gathering up the neighboring city-states around them, the Athenians formed the Delian League; an alliance working directly to defend the whole of Greece from Persian attacks (Kagan 8). In the beginning, this worked out well; everybody got their say on what went on in the league, and everybody was satisfied. However, the Athenians saw that if they were to take more power, the members of the league would not be strong enough to resist. Therefore, that was exactly what they did; they took more and more power until what was the Delian League became the Athenian Empire (Kagan 8). As they grew even more powerful and wealthy, their neighbors of Sparta and the Peloponnesian League, Sparta's alliance, could not help but notice (Kagan 13). In 431 BCE, lighted b...
In the years following the Persian Wars in 479 B.C., Athens had come out on top being the most dominantly powerful of any Greek city with a navy that had superior strength that increased day by day. The Athenians “ruled with heavy-handed, even brutal force as well as with reason” (Kagan 2). This was due largely to the fact that Athens had a stable and effective government, which only increased their advantage in proving themselv...
Prior to the advent of Greek navies, Thucydides claims that “wars by land there were none, none at least by which power was acquired; we have the usual border contests, but of distant expeditions with conquest the object we hear nothing among the Hellenes” (I.15.2).... ... middle of paper ... ... The privations and suffering war forces people to turn their attention to themselves and lose sight of the good of their city, just as Pericles predicted it would, and without a leader like him willing to direct them away from this mindset rather than pander to it to get votes, the political constitution of the city was doomed to dissolve.
United States President Woodrow Wilson was horrified by the crimes committed by “civilized” nations and set idealistic goals for peace in his “Fourteen Points Address” (which included the League). President Wilson was willing to bargain with hostile Great Britain and France to ensure that the League would be created, resulting in the War Guilt Clause (Germany would take blame for the War and would pay a debt of thirty-three billion dollars). Ironically, the United States would vote against entering into the league.
The failure of the League of Nations in its job to maintain peace quickly showed nations that a new organization should be created to prevent destructive wars like the First and Second World War. One of the major flaws of the League of Nations was the United States Senate refusing to become a member of the League of Nations even though it was President Woodrow Wilson’s idea for the League to be formed. With lack of US intervention the League of Nations had no real power, especially with its policy of collective security as a tool to maintain global peace. The problem with collective security was its lack of global powers.“The United S...
As can be expected from pioneer governmental institutions, Athenian democracy was not perfect. In fact it was far from it. It resulted in the establishment of poor policies by aggressive populists who sought "...private ambition and private profit...which were bad both for the Athenians themselves and their allies." (Thucydides). These self interested populist leaders with personal gain in mind established extensive internal political instability "...by quarrelling among themselves [and] began to bring confusion into the policy of the state." (Thucydides). Repeated opportunities to accept terms of peace after the battles of Pylos (425), Arginusae (406) and Aegospotami (405) were ignored by the inefficient Athenian demos eventually resulting in the devastation of the once dominant city-state. Internal political strife can also be attribu...
Modern Liberalism can be tied to the creation of the President Woodrow Wilson’s speech “The World must be made safe Democracy, Fourteen Points”. One of the points, the last one called for the creation of a League Nations. The purpose of the League was create a forum where na-tions can discuss their differences without resorting to war and to maintain each nation’s politi-cal and territorial integrity. The league turned out to be a failure for three reasons: One the United States, which championed its cause did not join due to an isolationist world view other major nations were excluded such as Russia and Germany, creating a lack of legitimacy and prestige. Second, the lack to authority to have nations contribute military power to enforce its will if economic sanctions did not work. Third, the international community was not ready for a League concept.
...helped the invasion of Russia in the Russo-Polish War. Later on, one of the primary powers in the League of Nations, France, invaded Ruhr. Instead of preserving the peace, they began their own war by invading Germany’s industrial region, Ruhr. This seemed to the outside nations that the League of Nation broke its own rules and contradicted its self. Lastly, and for most, in 1923 during the Abyssinian crises, the League was unable to enforce its decisions, but changed it for the favor of the Italians the aggressors in the war; which made it lose its credibility to other nations in the world. In hand it was unable to successfully complete its first test in its examination of effectiveness in aiding their first country in need of help, Vilna; but allowed the polish to remain in Lithuania and showed the world how weak power and military wise the league of nation was.