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Puritans salem witch trials
Puritans salem witch trials
Salem witch trials colonial america
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In all of human history, people have written about inhuman beings, many of which include gods, demons, wizards, sorcerers, sorceresses, and witches. Nowadays mystical beings are seen everywhere in media. Most of society stopped believing in these creatures years ago, but for 17th-century Salem, witchcraft became a living nightmare (Fremon, 1999).
I have studied this topic for years, especially anything pertaining to the Salem Witch Trials. I have read several books and have sources from universities and medical writers. I have studied the Salem Witch Trials out of interest for some time, and once I discovered the suspicion that ergot poisoning might have been a factor, I did a great deal of research in that area.
This topic can be important because research shows two possible causes of the behavior that led to the Salem Witch Trials: the extreme changes ergot poisoning can create in people, or, possibly even the boredom of the children. While the girls may have been bored with the colonial lifestyle, ergot could have caused the girls to have hallucinations because this has occurred in other instances in the past. There were reports that the girls had hallucinations, stupor of behavior, and convulsions. Ergot had a supportive climate in that region, and it grows best in moist or damp grains, especially rye, which was a common food source in the 1600s.
Ergot is a fungal disease that contaminates grasses and cereal grains, including rye, wheat, and barley. Wind and insects carry it and spread the fungus. It can affect both animals and people because it causes the grains to become a poison. Though it has affected people for nearly a thousand years, the symptoms have been wrongly diagnosed as a curse from God. In 1039, France had an e...
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...50 people were accused. Many people visit the Salem Witch Museum and learn the horror of the years 1692-1693.
Works Cited
Bonnet, M., & Basson, P. W. (2004). the Toxicology of Claviceps purpurea: Ergot of Rye. American Journal of Homeopathic Medicine , 97 (3), 211-222.
Fremon, D. K. (1999). The Salem Witchcraft Trials in American History. Springfield, NJ: Enslow.
Kallen, S. A. (2005). Figures of the Salem Witch Trials. Detroit: Lucent.
Barraclough, J. (Producer), & Lewis, M. (Director). (2001). Secrets of the Dead: the Witches Curse [Motion Picture]. Educational Broadcasting Corporation in association with Mentorn-Barraclough-Carey Productions, Channel 4 (UK), and Thirteen / WNET New York.
May, P. (1998, December). Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - LSD. Retrieved Feburary 2014, from School of Chemistry University of Bristol: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/lsd/lsd.htm
While researching texts written about the Salem Witch Trials, I found a few authors who published articles and books about the Salem Witch Trials. These authors often showed that the most likely cause of the fits coming from the victims was produced by ergot of rye. However, I could not find much discussion about another important source of the fits’ cause: witchcraft. My goal in this paper is to produce a convincing argument that the victims during the Salem Witch Trials that experienced strange behaviors came from ergot of rye rather than witchcraft.
What really happened in Salem that ignited the spark of the Witchcraft Trials? Was it out of boredom? Did the girls come down with a case of Schizophrenia, encephalitis, or Huntington’s chorea? (Vogel 1). These are all possibilities, but there is still one theory that could reveal the truth behind the Salem Witch Trials. According to the research by psychologist Linda Caporael, of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, New York, the poisoning of ergot originally created the hysteria. (Vogel 1 and Clark 2). Ergot is a form of fungus that spreads best in cold, damp weather. (Vogel 1). This fungus mostly grows on different types of grain, wheat, and especially rye. (Vogel 1). In the year of 1692, Salem, Massachusetts suffered a cold, wet winter. (Vogel 1). The growth of rye was substantial, making rye the main grain for the citizens of Salem. (Vogel 1).
More than 200 people were accused of the begin witches and of the two hundred, about twenty of them were killed. Eventually the people of Massachusetts realized that what they were doing was wrong. Many times the reason for someone to be accused of witchcraft as because if they were found guilty, then the court would receive the land that they had owned. If the court did not want the land, which they usually did not want, it was given to the person who had accused them of witchcraft.
The Salem Trials took place between the 10th of June and the 22nd of 1692 and in this time nineteen people. In addition to this one man was pressed to death and over 150 people where sent to jail where four adult and one infant died. Although when compared to other witch-hunts in the Western world, it was ‘a small incident in the history of a great superstition,’ but has never lost its grip on our imagination’ . It’s because of this that over the last three centuries many historians have analysed the remaining records of the trials in order to work out what the causes and events were that led to them.
In 1976 Linnda R. Caporael writes Ergotism:The Satan Loosed in Salem? where she explains that ergotism is the cause of the people acting the certain way. The evidence of ergotism in the Salem Village was the growing conditions and localization. The growing conditions for rye were perfect and rye is known to be a host plant for ergot. The cycle at which rye is harvested and stored for months fits the timing of the Salem Witch Trials. The pattern of residence of the accusers, the accused, and the defenders of the accused living within the Salem Village may have been an area of contamination.2 The result of not understanding ergotism at the time caused the people to start assuming witchcraft for the people with convulsions, mental disturbances, and perceptual distortions.3 In 2000 Dr. Alan Woolf being a medical toxicologist writes Witchcraft or Mycotoxin? The Salem Witch Trials in which she states that some people believed the Salem Witch Trials people were affected with egotism like Linnda R.
... and biologically to explain the “bewitchment” of the young girls. They have come up with three basic psychological approaches when analyzing the trials: sexual repression in the Puritan communities in New England, the low status of women (they did in fact, have no say in matters, and men were thought of as much more intelligent), and the lack of opportunity for any sort of entertainment. Other scholars believe that the “diet of Salem villagers at that time might well have led to calcium deficiency, which is known to cause spasms and “hysterical” states”1 and that the claims that they were visited or choked by the accused witches could be linked to a condition known as sleep paralysis. But all these theories also lead to the question: Is it possible that every girl in this group suffered from sleep paralysis? Or could some of them have possibly been faking it?
As one can see, the chaotic Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were caused by superstition, the strict puritan lifestyle, religious beliefs, and hysteria. Puritan Lifestyle was one reason that might have caused the witchcraft hysteria in Salem.... ... middle of paper ... ... He believed strongly in having the witches of Salem executed for their wrong doing (Fradin 26-27).
More than three centuries ago, an entire community in Salem, Massachusetts, just 5 miles from Salem Town fell victim to what would become the most notorious instance of witch hysteria in United States history. The infamous witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts remain one of the most unscrupulous and inexplicable phenomena in the United States, having resulted in a total of 20 deaths and 165 accusations related to Witchcraft within the span of four months. [3] The brief, but tumultuous period has long been a source of debate amongst historians. For nearly a century, it was widely accepted that social tensions and Puritan religious beliefs were the primary cause of the trials, but in the 1970’s, a college undergraduate suggested ergot poisoning might be to blame. Ergotism – ergot poisoning – is born from the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is known to infect rye and other cereal grains, it produces a chemical known as ergotamine which is the base for toxic hallucinogenic chemicals such as LSD. [2] Studies have shown that the consumption of ergot-contaminated food results in symptoms much like those associated with the afflicted girls in Salem, 1692. [2] Collectively, Ergot poisoning, and the implication Puritanism and Puritan values had on the genuine fear of witches, and socioeconomic tension caused the events that would become the Salem witch hysteria of 1692.
The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were the largest outbreak of witch hunting in colonial New England up to that time. Although it was the largest outbreak, it was not something that was new. Witch-hunting had been a part of colonial New England since the formation of the colonies. Between the years 1648 to 1663, approximately 15 witches were executed. During the winter of 1692 to February of 1693, approximately 150 citizens were accused of being witches and about 25 of those died, either by hanging or while in custody. There is no one clear-cut answer to explain why this plague of accusations happened but rather several that must be examined and tied together. First, at the same time the trials took place, King William's War was raging in present day Maine between the colonists and the Wabanaki Indians with the help of the French. Within this war, many brutal massacres took place on both sides, leaving orphaned children due to the war that had endured very traumatic experiences. Second, many of the witch accusations were based on spectral evidence, most of which were encounters of the accused appearing before the victim and "hurting" them. There were rampant "visions" among the colonies' citizens, which can only be explained as hallucinations due to psychological or medical conditions by virtue of disease, or poisoning.
In a recent study, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb were able to study biological occurrences that could account for the mysterious behavior of the young girls. The two studied ergot, which is a fungus that can infest rye and other cereal grains under specific conditions. The two discovered that when ingested, the ergotized grain may produce a remarkable amount of symptoms including, but not limited
...l the evidence proves that ergot poisoning did not play a role in the salem witch trials. Instead, it was a bunch of teenage girls pretending to be ill to get people in trouble.
The Salem Witch Trials took place in the summer and into the fall of the year 1692, and during this dark time of American history, over 200 people had been accused of witchcraft and put in jail. Twenty of these accused were executed; nineteen of them were found guilty and were put to death by hanging. One refused to plead guilty, so the villagers tortured him by pressing him with large stones until he died. The Salem Witch Trials was an infamous, scary time period in American history that exhibited the amount of fear people had of the devil and the supernatural; the people of this time period accused, arrested, and executed many innocent people because of this fear, and there are several theories as to why the trials happened (Brooks).
The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the people surrounding the events. Although religious beliefs were the most influential factor, socioeconomic tensions, and ergot poisoning are also strongly supported theories. A combination of motives seems the most rational explanation of the frenzy that followed the illness of the two girls. This paper looks closely at the some of the possible causes of one of the most notable occurrences in history.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
Hundreds of years ago, young girls in Salem started having mysterious symptoms after being found in the woods dancing and later being accused of witchcraft. Ergot is a main theory for the Salem Witch Trials because the weather and growing conditions on the western side of Salem were perfect for this fungus to grow on the rye. Three of the afflicted girls lived outside of the village boundaries to the east which means that they did not get the rye from the western part so they could have been acting or went to eat at someone else’s house and got poisoned (Caporael 4). When everything in Salm started it would have been hard to prove that it was something other than witchcraft but now we can use the evidence and knowledge we have about ergotism to know that it is a probable theory.