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1. Voluntary participation.
a. How it conflicts with a scientific norm:
• Voluntary participation conflicts with the scientific norm of particularism whereby there are no boundaries to the number of people contributing to a particular body of knowledge. Some participants may not know there are part of a research or know what the research topic is about for them to participate voluntarily.
b. Example of conflict:
• A participant of a research might feel cheated that a researcher used their expertise in the scientific field to make them believe they are being interviewed for example about their life history while the researcher actually wanted to know about their lives as immigrants.
c. Which norm you would follow and why:
• I would follow
One of the last types of ways investigators are coached to detect deception is in the behavioral attitudes of a person being interviewed such as being unconcerned or over anxious (Kassin, 2005). The success rate of looking for these cues are very successful in telling if an individual is being deceitful and has surpassed any laboratory tests conducted on the subject. The laboratory test however did reveal some interesting facts. The research showed that people who had training and experience did not score better than the control group who received no training. In fact all individuals scored at the chance level with the people who had training scored just above chance or at the chance level. To check if special training in the detection of deception was more accurate a study ...
Those participating were also led to believe that their contribution went to a worthy cause – to advance knowledge and understanding of learning processes. They were also told that the victim (the learner), was taking part voluntarily meaning they had an obligation to fulfill even if it became unpleasant (also applies to the teacher). Additionally, the volunteers were being paid, which created a further sense of commitment to the investigation. Those who took part also had little knowledge about how psychological experiments ran, as Milgram’s study was most likely the first one they ever partook in. Therefore, they had little knowledge about the rights and expectations of the situation, and felt more confined than if they had been through a similar experience prior.
An individual’s role in society can vary with the number themes the characters exhibit. When there are signs of fate, cruelties, weaknesses, and desires for justice and catharsis the role of an individual becomes more complicated. In Antigone, most of those themes are shown thus a single person’s influence or role on society is very small and complicated to attain. However in The Lottery the society has most of the control and there is not many signs of those characteristics so the role of a person is simplified because they are nothing compared to the society combined. Finally, in The Penalty of Death, there are signs of many of the themes but since it is the societies influence against that of an individuals, it is simplified because they have to work together.
Researches who interview people and perhaps particularly women, need an awareness and a sensitivity to the fact that, although a subject may have agreed to take part in a study, it cannot be known for certain, what that interview will uncover (or) give rise to.
Deception is one of the many ethical issue that have been raised by social influence research. The BPS say that ‘intentional deception of participants over the purpose and general nature of the investigation should be avoided whenever possible. Participants should never be deliberately misled without extremely strong scientific or medical justification.’. Some forms of deception involve lying to participants about the nature of a study, such as Milgram’s study on obedience to authority. Participants were told that they were taking part in a study of how punishment affects learning, when in fact the study was on whether ordinary people will obey a legitimate authority even when required to injure another person.
I will not convey critical information to sources not authorized to make use of that information. The research can be done by taking information from interviews of different individuals. In different cases they might want to keep their personal information and identity confidential. The researcher must be respectful to the privacy and security of personal information and identity of the informer. Before the interview, the individual should be told on which purpose the interview is being taken and for which purpose the research is being conducted. Thus they will feel more comfortable to share information with the researcher. (Priede,2015)
The discussion made by those people who are willing to reveal the “reality” is made with a purpose. They are taking advantage of this powerful medium to reveal the potential problems and concerns of the society, and express their own perspectives and understandings of their own culture and life. Therefore, there may be biased or radical comments which influence the validity of the research. The point is that researchers themselves fully understand the purpose of their study. However, some participants such as those people who were randomly interviewed on the street didn’t quite understand the aim of their study. Therefore, their answers may not completely fulfill the research purpose, and this may also mislead the research, thus producing useless outcomes.
"The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Research : Scientific Freedom: An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research : Bloomsbury Academic." The Ethical Limitations on Scientific Research : Scientific Freedom: An Anthology on Freedom of Scientific Research : Bloomsbury Academic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. .
Deception is sometimes used by researchers when they conduct psychological experiments. Deception occurs when the participant is misled about the purpose, design, of the experiment, or when the researcher uses deliberate misleading to persuade the subject into believing a certain view (McLeod). Many people believe deception is ethically wrong, and psychologists should not use it to obtain important information. I believe psychologists should be able to use deception if the participant is not psychologically harmed. It is believed that deception is the only way we can obtain true information (Connolly). The knowledge we are able to obtain about psychological tendencies outweighs the temporary effects of deception.
Informed Consent is fundamentally critical in preparation of research studies that involve human beings. Greenstein & Davis, 2013 explain that the Department of Health and Human Services require each individual who is part of the research to be informed of the potential risks, benefits, confidentiality, research contact information, and lastly that participation is open door policy. If I was submitting my research study, I would ensure that each individual has been well informed and given their full consent to participate.
The investigator uses information gathered during the first phase to tailor interrogation for the specific subject. Walters describes the interrogator's task of “breaking the cycle of deception” during the interrogation; this includes
However on the other hand, for all advantages; there are disadvantages. In some instances when people utilize and manipulate data, they may knowingly falsify data so that it may adhere to ones beliefs or theories. In addition there are people who may deliberately tamper with information as well. When collecting information, there must be neutrality when assessing and collecting data. In addition, professional competence and integrity must be superior and finally, all research subjects or respondents must be safeguarded from potential harm and sabotage.
Researchers are an intricate part of our society. They are responsible for almost every aspect of daily living that affects individuals in society. The role of the researcher concerning social sciences and humanity ensures that they find the truth in
This is owing to the notion that an individual has a right to participate knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently without being forced. Similarly, an individual’s autonomy needs to be protected all the time. In this study, informed consent and/or assent is already given, as the parents were made aware right at the onset of their involvement with the training facility that case studies can be used for training and/or research purposes and have already signed a form agreeing to the data in the case studies being used for training and/or research.
To reduce researcher or interview bias, routine field checks will be conducted to ensure interviewers are not deviating from their strict instructions on how to conduct the interviews effectively. Moreover, interviewers will be instructed to include rich verbatim descriptions of participants’ responses to solidify study findings and decrease potential for bias (Slevin & Sines, 2000). Respondent validation will also be a critical component of the interviews whereby participants will invited to comment on the interview transcript. According to Long & Johnson (2000), respondent validation helps to ensure that the major themes identified by the researchers adequately reflect the thoughts and opinions of those directly contributing to the findings. All interviews will be recorded to ensure that the data acquired accurately reflects participant’s thoughts and opinions without the possibility of