What is the effect on volume when water and isopropyl alcohol are mixed together?
Project Design Plan
When two substances are added together, their mass is Conserved. This is according to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Does the same apply to volume? Mark W. Meszaros, PhD claims that when isopropyl alcohol and water are mixed, the mass of the two is added, yet the volume decreases (Meszaros, M W., PhD, n.d.).
Problem Statement: When adding two substances together, one would hypothesize the addition of the volume of the two substances to equal one plus the other exactly. This is true with the mass of two substances. For example, when one adds a gram of water to another gram of water you would get a total of 2 grams. The same applies for
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the mass of all objects. The intriguing thing to find out is to know if the volume of water and isopropyl alcohol is equal to one plus the other exactly. This will tell if volume has the same properties as mass. The following experiment will address this idea, and if proven that the volume equals less, it could be used by anyone attempting to make more mass take up less volume. Literature Review Many people have conducted this experiment in a variety of quantities and conditions. With an amount of 250mL of each liquid, Meszaros conducted this experiment to prove his claim of the decrease in volume. He proceeded to pour and measure out each separately, recording the measurements for all. Upon completion of each, he mixed the two. Upon the observation of this mixture his conclusion was that the mass was additive, but the volume was subtractive. Within his experiment, he neglected to include the use of a control group (Meszaros, M W., PhD, n.d.). This would have shown how volume can be additive in some mixtures, giving this one special properties A simplistic version of this experiment, conducted with solid objects, could serve as a confirmation for the subtractive properties of volume. An employed mentor from Physics Forums suggested taking a jar of marbles and a jar of sand, then adding them together in another container. The result here is proposed to be a significantly less amount of volume than if you took the whole of each and added them together. The only issue with this is the inability to explain how it is happening on the levels of a mixture between two liquids (Volume Contraction (Water and Methanol Mixture), n.d.). For the following experiment, there is the addition of water being added together with vegetable oil, and water added to water. These will serve as control groups. This will give a baseline for the knowledge of the properties of volume when mixing two substances. As well, it will show how on the tiny scale of molecules in liquid, volume may be affected in ways less expected. Reasoning By increasing the amount of times conducted, there will be a larger quantity of available results. Also, the solution will be more easily quantifiable. The food coloring will give visual aide to observing the results. Plus, the interaction between the two substances will be more identifiable. Weighing the masses of each before and after will give an idea of the relation between the Law of Conservation of mass and volume. Furthermore, it will show how the mass of two substances are additive. Lastly, the control groups will provide accurate insight to how the properties of volume can range from mixture to mixture. Sequence of Events Variables Independent Variable: The amount of times the experiment is being conducted. Dependent Variable: The volume of each mixture, measured in a 250mL flask then mixed into a 500mL measuring cup. Controlled Variable: The volume of water + water mixture & water + vegetable oil mixture. Threat Reduction to Validity All tools and utensils were washed thoroughly before experiment to assure no outside contaminants.
Distilled water was used to obtain water from the purest source. As well, the highest available concentration of isopropyl alcohol was purchased to get the most accurate results. Pure vegetable oil was used. All topped by completing the trial twice, this assures the results are confirmed and are highly accurate.
Hypothesis
The hypothesis of this experiment: The volume of two substances, whether it be water & water, isopropyl alcohol & water, or vegetable oil & water; they will always be additive when mixed together and measured. The density will remain equal. This ruling is based on a contradiction with the statement made by Mark W. Meszaros, PhD, stating that they will be subtractive.
Process of Data Collection
Contrary to the prediction, the volume of the main mixture in question, isopropyl alcohol & water was subtractive when mixed together. While the volumes of the two control groups were added to one another, the focus group lessened. This was measured with the 500mL measuring cup by using observational techniques to record the findings. Alas, the combination of water and isopropyl alcohol was confirmed
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subtractive. Appropriate Methods The results show 2 times over, the volume of the combination of water & isopropyl alcohol has a subtractive interaction in terms of volume when mixed together. It is concluded that they form a much denser bond than either of the substances on their own. The amount of liquid transferred from flask to mixture in the measuring cup could be more regulated and precise. This is due to the discrepancies when obtaining the mass of each mixture, compared to the addition of the masses of the two substances. Additionally, a more precise reading of mL could be used through a more detailed measuring device. The addition of the food coloring helps to aid in the accuracy of the visual observations in the way each mixture mixes together. Added repetitions may be needed to obtain concrete results. Results *Graphed density to show changes in volume, the higher the density of the mixture the less the volume.
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The graphs above clearly indicate an almost flawlessly equal density throughout the mixture of water & water, plus water & alcohol. This shows that when those mixtures are created the volume is additive. Therefore, the ratio of density will be equal or nearly equal to the original substances. In addition, it shows that the density of the water & isopropyl alcohol increases, meaning that the volume is subtractive.
Conclusion
Disproof of Hypothesis
Previously, the prediction was that the volume would be additive of all 3 of the mixtures. This theory has been disproven by the multiple tests done in this experiment. When adding together the substances of water & isopropyl alcohol, the results bore a denser mixture than either of the two alone. This result points to a conclusion that the properties of volume for this mixture are subtractive by an average of a nearly 4% reduction, while the other two remain additive.
Experimental Design as a Key
Factor The design of an experiment is paramount to its accuracy. A single independent variable must be present, along with factoring dependent variables, and constants for contrast. To change any more than one of these things at a time can dramatically impact the outcome of the results. Without this precaution, the ability to pinpoint the cause of any discrepancy goes out the window. As much of the environment and factors within the experiment must be controlled as best as possible, any interferences can cause similar problems as the one previously stated. Without a precise and accurate way in which to measure and record results, answers can never reliably be answered. In turn, a hypothesis could never be proven one way or the other. Replication If one is to replicate this experiment, it would be essential to use the same brands and quantities to replicate circumstances as well as possible. The precise calculation of mass by subtracting the mass of the empty flasks from the mass of the flask once filled with a substance must be carefully adhered too. Consistency in the pouring of each substance to the exact 250mL line is also essential. Accuracy in the process of using the scale to measure is quintessential, achieved by things like making sure it is on a level surface and zeroed out before every measure. Also, the same proof of isopropyl alcohol must be used to achieve desired results. Only miscalculations or wrong use of materials should produce varying results. Evaluation of Validity The replication of the experiment twice points to a more valid conclusion that could be more heavily relied on. In addition, the matching of results found in the reviewed literature raises credibility. With the repetitions seen here, the only way of creating a more valid result would be to continually test the theory. If comparable results appear over and over, the validity is more strongly supported with each and every repetition. Apart from repetition, the only validity-increasing aspect that could be had would be to have a machine precisely pour each substance and mixture. Works Cited Volume Contraction (Water & Methanol Mixture). (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2018, from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/volume-contraction-water-methanol-mixture.522195/ Meszaros, M. W., PhD. (n.d.). The Lost Volume. Retrieved January 29, 2018, from https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/chemistry-lost-volume-demonstration/tr10785.tr
Therefore, the amount of water, which is the inorganic layer, will be higher than the eygenol oil in the distillate that was
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
The Gravimetric Stoichiometry lab was a two-week lab in which we tested one of the fundamental laws of chemistry; the Law of Conservation of Mass. The law states that in chemical reactions, when you start with a set amount of reactant, the product should theoretically have the same mass. This can be hard sometimes because in certain reactions, gases are released and it’s hard to measure the mass of a gas. Some common gases released in chemical reactions include hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor.
The objective of this experiment will be to combine various substances, liquids and metals, and to observe their behavior when they are combined. The types of reactions observed shall determine the nature of these reactions: physical or chemical.
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Regarding the densities of Coke and Diet Coke, I believed that the density of coke would be greater than the density of Diet Coke. Because the content of Coke contains more sugar than Diet Coke, it would contain more mass and since density is mass dependent, Coke would be denser than Diet Coke. From the results of the experiment, there was a slight difference between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. The measurements obtained from the pipette and the graduated cylinder demonstrated that Coke is denser than Diet Coke while Diet Coke was shown to be denser than Coke using the burette. With the pipette, the average density of Coke is 1.02 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.99. With the graduated cylinder, the average density is 0.976968 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.95. With the burette, the average density of Coke is 0.99 and the average density of Diet Coke is 1.0. Among the three instruments, the most precise was the graduated cylinder and the most accurate was the volumetric pipette. Since density is defined as mass/volume, changing the volume of Coke or Diet Coke would have changed.
mass of Cu x _1 mole Cu_ x 1 mole compound x gram molar mass of compound = mass
The molar volume of the H2 in our experiment is very close to the theoretical molar volume, but I think that the deviation lies in the temperature of the H2O: in the first trial it is too high and in the second one too low.
An error that occurred in the experiment was during the ceric nitrate test because solution 4 should have produced a color change. During a base hydrolysis of aspartame, aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol are produced, therefore the ceric nitrate test should have been a positive for alcohol. A reason that this could have shown a negative result is because methanol is a volatile substance and it could have evaporated out, which would have caused a negative ceric nitrate test
So the experiment will be based upon the movement of water. The first potato chip will be placed in a zero percent solution. I believe that this will increase the mass. I believe this because the zero percent solution has a lower concentration than the cell sap inside the potato. The potato takes on the water through osmosis and the cell pushes out from inside the cell making it swell and become more rigid.
Then the ethanol will be divided. In the second experiment we are going to distillate ethanol solution, which involve measuring both the volume and the mass of the ethanol solution, we can work out the density from the volume and mass. We will then compare the density of the solution with that of pure water and pure ethanol; it is possible to calculate the percentage concentration of the solution. The third practical will be oxidising ethanol to ethanoic acid, in this experiment we will start with 96% ethanol.
The second part of measuring for volume, we measured the density of Isopropyl alcohol the same way we did for the water. We measured the mass of the empty graduated cylinder which was 46.35 grams and then added 25.0 milliliters of Isopropyl alcohol to it which made the mass 66.95 grams, causing the difference to be 20.6 grams of the Isopropyl. This was 4.4 grams less than what it should have measured out to be.
In my experiment, I will use an overall volume of 50 cm³ of 2moles of
Ultrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the combination of density and viscosity have been used to study the molecular interactions in liquid mixtures and solutions.