INTRODUCTION
VIOLENCE
The 49th World Health Assembly in 1996, declared violence as a major and rising public health issue around the globe.(1) The World Health Organization defines violence as "The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or deprivation."(2) The definition of violence includes a broad range of outcomes which echoes the rising need of recognising violence as a threat and burden on individuals, families and health care systems all over the world. Any form of violence towards children, women and elderly may not necessarily cause injury, disability or death, but it does have an immediate or latent debilitating effect, which may last for years.(1)
In the 1996 resolution, W.H.O. developed a classification for different types of violence and the links between them. According to the characteristics of those committing the violent act, the types proposed were divided into three broad categories(1):
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Many people tend to survive after an attempt to harm or end their lives and undoubtedly require medical attention to treat their injuries and disabilities.(5) As a result of this, it is estimated that a burden of over a billion US dollars per year is imposed economically.(6) Apart from the economic loss, the person's family is socially and emotionally affected by the step their loved ones take to harm or end their lives.(6) Men, especially middle age, appear to be more vulnerable than women in taking their own lives.(7) Tsai et. al, in a 24 year prospective study attempted to look into the factors which encourage men towards suicidal behaviour. It was observed that social integration was associated with a two-fold reduction in risk of death by suicide over the 24 year
In Edgar Allan Poe’s, “The Cask of Amontillado,” the main character and narrator, Montresor begins the story by expressing how he has put up with many insults from a man named Fortunato and that he has had enough and vows revenge against him. Montresor lures Fortunato into the catacombs to taste the Amontillado so as to kill him secretly. Montresor portrays in the beginning of the story that he is going to be lying to Fortunato’s face, acting one way while really thinking another. This fact indicates that Montresor is an unreliable narrator for telling the story because he lies to people he knows, gives hints that he is jealous of Fortunato, does not offer an explanation for wanting to murder Fortunato and his tone of narrating the story.
Lateral Violence in Nursing Lateral violence is an act of aggression that occurs among nurses (Becher & Visovsky, 2012), many nurses are exposed to incidents of lateral violence two or more times weekly (Ceravolo, Schwartz, Foltz-Ramos, & Castner, 2012) (American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, 2014). Lateral violence which is also called bullying, incivility, disruptive behaviors and horizontal violence may be covert or overt acts of verbal or nonverbal aggressions (American Nurses Association, 2011). Lateral violence may be verbal, physical or psychological in nature (Blair, 2013). Victims of lateral violence may have profound psychological effects including fatigue, insomnia, stress, depression, shame, guilt, isolations, substance abuse,
“Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.” - Phil Donahue. As a complex, tragic public health issue, suicide occurs in men significantly more often than in women. Suicide is simply defined as the act of intentionally ending one’s own life, but the factors that play into a person making that decision are anything but simple. The most obvious and severe effect of suicide is the loss of a valuable, meaningful human life. According to Harvard School of Public Health (n.d.), suicide affects parents, children, siblings, friends, lovers and spouses; the loss for society is psychological, spiritual, and financial. People who lose a loved one to suicide often experience devastating effects and deal with a complex grief. These “suicide survivors” typically feel a range of emotions from sadness, blame, and guilt to extreme anger and confusion. “Suicide among males is four times higher than among females and represents 79% of all U.S. suicides” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2012). This gender paradox is one of the most compelling components regarding who is most at risk to attempt suicide. Why is it that men commit suicide more often than women? More than four times as many men as women die by suicide because depressed men are less likely to seek out help, men typically use more violent, lethal methods and cannot be resuscitated, and men carry the pressure of employment, providing for and protecting a family, and maintaining relationships.
Everyday thousands of people suffer from some type of violence, some may able to live and see the next day and even be able to overcome it and become and advocate to other, however others are not so lucky. No one should ever have to be a victim of any type of abuse, whether it is verbally, emotionally, physically or mentally. Interpersonal violence is a term often used to describe sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and stalking (UNC Charlotte, 2017). No matter what type of violence is being experiences, the victim should always know that it is not their fault, that is help, and safety is available.
Nurses encounter various challenges in the workplace. One of the most alarming trends is that they often become the victims of physical violence. It should be kept in mind that healthcare settings account for about 60 percent of all violent assaults that occur in various American workplaces (Gates, Gillespie, & Succop, 2011, p. 59). Additionally, more than 50 percent of nurses report that they suffered from physical abuse, at least once (Gates et al., 2011, p. 60). In turn, this tendency makes nurses even more vulnerable to the effects of stress. Moreover, they are likely to feel dissatisfied with their jobs. This paper is aimed at reviewing the scholarly articles that can illustrate the origins of this problem and its impacts on the experiences
Horizontal violence is psychological harassment that creates hostility in the workplace between two nurses or a nurse and another healthcare professional (Ditmer, 2010). The idea that horizontal violence exists in nursing is a phenomenon that is as ironic in the healthcare field that is supposed to be a ground for empathy, compassion and humanity. It is common yet many find it difficult and distressing to address. This harassment is usually presented in different ways including both aggressive along with disruptive behaviour, bullying, verbal abuse, humiliation, gossiping, threats, withholding information, and not properly explaining or training the processes (Ditmer, 2010, p. 9). As a nursing student, I have experienced horizontal violence numerous times whether in academics or in the clinical areas. Hence, this topic is important to me as I have experienced it first hand and important to nursing leadership as well because “leadership sets the scene, the attitudinal agenda, for a faculty or hospital.”( Scherbakova, 1995). Nursing leaders play an important role in managing and halting horizontal violence. This paper aims to explore the phenomenon that is horizontal violence, define and identify what constitutes horizontal violence in academics and clinical areas, its effects and the solutions to stop horizontal violence.
78, No. 1, pp. 113-117. Juristat Service Bulletin, 1994, 14:1-22, cited in World Health Organization, ‘World Report on Violence and Health’, ed. by Krug, Etienne G., et al., Geneva, 2002. Sternberg, Kathleen J., and Michael E. Lamb. "
Ever seen a nurse who is afraid to return to work? What about a nurse that comes home on crutches, has bruises, or even just comes home with an emotional break down? These are all results of workplace violence in a healthcare setting. It is a very real issue that is currently on the rise. This sort of violence can result from an angry patient, visitor, or even another nurse on a variety of units. Unfortunately, because the healthcare setting can become very hostile, nurses are always going to be at risk for violence. The only way to fight violence is to attempt to prevent it by recognizing the behavioral patterns that lead to a violent outbreak, redirect the person on the verge of a violent action, and ensure each facility has a prevention program.
Suicide displays wide variation in race, gender, religion, and socioeconomic lines. Males are three to four times more likely to commit suicide than females (Moore, Recker, & Heirigs, 2014). By studying suicide and their triggers we can isolate issues in society and address them accordingly. That is a reason we need to know which changes are making more impact on individuals the rapid or slow ones and how they are affecting individuals’ acceptance within their groups?, Is technology advancement part of the problem? How is society facing suicides and what has been done to slow down the suicides rates? Which could be the lowest level where we can teach about reasons to commit suicide? By answering these questions I believe that more data can be collected to understand reason individuals commit suicide and society is deal with the
With over 38,000 suicides in 2010 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention claims that is an average of 105 each day. “There is one suicide for every 25 attempted suicides and suicide results in an estimated $34.6 billion in combined medical and work-loss costs”. (States News Service) People who want to commit suicide can attribute these thoughts to many factors. Factors like family history of suicide, attempted suicide and depression, alcohol and drug problems also contribute to the thoughts of suicide. Warning signs are identified in many different ways and they also change with age...
Violence against women: a ‘global health problem of epidemic proportions’ 20 JUNE 2013 | GENEVA
Violence is displayed everywhere in society through media like entertainment, in their schools and communities, and within their homes. It is difficult to imagine living in a world without some sort of violence due to it being so prevalent in society. Many children have been exposed to violence in their own homes or have become victims leaving detrimental short and long term effects. There are three forms of domestic violence in the homes. They are physical, sexual, emotional abuse. People often think of domestic violence as having bruises or a broken arm, but in reality it is an occurrence that happens repeatedly over a period of time. One study concluded “children in domestic violence shelters found that almost half their mothers had
Ultimately, Altruistic suicides are a prevalent form of suicide found in many cultures, not as an occurrence but a tradition. Therefore the continuation of unbiased empirical based evidence that not only clarifies, but distinguishes differences and informs of these differences is necessary. Not just for proper research, but to gain proper understanding to formulate prevention
Another complication in analysing causes of suicide is the variation between cases. Some will be clearly planned events, with finances and family situations adjusted beforehand, notes written. Others will be on the spur of the moment, with difficulty establishing whether it was deliberate or accidental. Some will be violent, immediate acts whilst others will be drawn out affairs with low lethality (dependent on availablilty of help). Most importantly, some individuals will not succeed – or chillingly, not at first. One of the greatest predictors for completed suicide is attempted previous suici...
“Suicide is not chosen; it happens when pain exceeds resources for coping with pain” (I-10). Ending a life is a big step in the wrong direction for most. Suicide is the killing of oneself. Suicide happens every day, and everyday a family’s life is changed. Something needs to be done to raise awareness of that startling fact. Suicide is a much bigger problem than society will admit; the causes, methods, and prevention need to be discussed more openly.