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Logotherapy and psychoanalysis
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In September of 1942, Viktor Frankl was arrested in Vienna and taken to one of the many Nazi death camps. Frankl was working on a manuscript which was confiscated from him in a move to Auschwitz. In this manuscript entitled, The Doctor and the Soul, Frankl had began his work on a theory he would later call logotherapy. The term logotherapy is derived from the Greek word logos, which means meaning. According to logotherapy, the striving to find a meaning in one’s life is the primary motivational force in man (Frankl 121). Frankl’s theory and therapy generated and grew through his experiences in the concentration camps. While being held prisoner in the death camps, Frankl began to observe his fellow inmates. He payed close attention to the prisoners who survived and those who did not. Frankl concluded that those who felt they had meaning in life such as hope in seeing loved ones at home, unfinished business or great faith had better chances of survival than those who had no hope. This quickly became the basis of his theory. Frankl extrapolated that philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was correct in saying, “He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how.” (Frankl 126). Once Viktor Frankl was liberated in April of 1945, he set to work on piecing together the manuscript that he had lost. He began to further develop his idea of logotherapy. This idea is based on three philosophical and psychological components: the freedom of will, will to meaning, and the meaning in life. The freedom of will, according to logotherapy, is that humans posses the freedom of choice and are not fully subjected to their conditions. The will of meaning is not only saying that humans have freedom of choice but also the ability to fulfill goals a... ... middle of paper ... ...ng what to do with their new found leisure time. Boredom ultimately results in the existential vacuum and has been found as an underlying factor in depression, aggression, and addiction. Throughout Viktor Frankl’s life and struggles he discovered and developed his theory of logotherapy. Frankl has helped many patients find meaning in their lives by having them create a work, finding the meaning in love, or by finding the meaning behind hopeless suffering. He has helped people discover these by using different techniques like paradoxical intention, dereflexion, or Socratic dialogue. Thus, to choose one’s attitude in any circumstance allows one to choose one’s way. This saying if a man cannot find meaning in his suffering, then it is easy for him to lose hope or faith. According to Viktor Frankl, man’s deepest desire is to search for meaning and purpose in one’s life.
In his book, “Man’s Search for Meaning,” Viktor Frankl shares his perspective on the human mind. He uses his experiences in Nazi Concentration camps to discuss his ideas and share what he learned from his life as a prisoner in Nazi Germany. He uses particular events to show just how the human mind reacts to certain things, such death and fear. Frankl also introduces his theory of Logotherapy, which is his way of therapy. In his book, Frankl observed many things about the human mind and how it reacts to particular situations. He used his observation to teach us about his perspective on human psychology.
The unimaginable actions from German authorities in the concentration camps of the Holocaust were expected to be tolerated by weak prisoners like Wiesel or death was an alternate. These constant actions from the S.S. officers crushed the identification of who Wiesel really was. When Wiesel’s physical state left, so did his mental state. If a prisoner chose to have a mind of their own and did not follow the S.S. officer’s commands they were written brutally beaten or even in severe cases sentenced to their death. After Wiesel was liberated he looked at himself in the mirror and didn’t even recognize who he was anymore. No prisoner that was a part of the Holocaust could avoid inner and outer turmoil.
As humans, we require basic necessities, such as food, water, and shelter to survive. But we also need a reason to live. The reason could be the thought of a person, achieving some goal, or a connection with a higher being. Humans need something that drives them to stay alive. This becomes more evident when people are placed in horrific situations. In Elie Wiesel's memoir Night, he reminisces about his experiences in a Nazi concentration camp during the Holocaust. There the men witness horrific scenes of violence and death. As time goes on they begin to lose hope in the very things that keep them alive: their faith in God, each other, and above all, themselves.
Alongside Adler’s individual psychology and Freud’s psychoanalysis, Frankl’s logotherapy is considered “The Third School of Psychotherapy” (Frankl 98). Frankl believed finding meaning in life is paramount to psychological health. His ideas are supported by many psychological theorists, including Auhagen, Sappington, Bryant, Oden, and numerous other researchers (Melton and Schulenberg 38). Additionally, in modern psychology, “positive mental health” and spirituality are becoming increasingly important in patient treatment. Some of the main focuses of logotherapy include having a religious faith and other components of positive mentality, resulting in many psychologists advocating for the use of logotherapy in today’s clinics (Schulenberg et al. 448). Recent studies show logotherapy brings relief to individuals with general mental illness by equipping patients with tools to find meaning within their fight against mental instability. In a study of individuals with advanced mental illness, researchers from the Clinical Disaster Research Center at the University of Mississippi found that those treated with meaning centered therapy experienced a greater sense of empowerment and improvement of symptoms (Schulenberg et al. 456). While logotherapy is typically viewed as a treatment method within psychological clinics, its methods have proven highly effective in other
We may nevertheless say that existentialism is a form of phenomenological philosophy that relies on certain reflective methods of studying human consciousness instantiated in the individual, society, and culture, which emerged as a popular general movement characteristic of 20 century European thought represented thought represented across many disciplines including literature, the humanities, and the social sciences. Existential psychology rejects the mechanistic views of the Freudians and instead sees people as engaged in a search for meaning (Trull & Prinstein, 2013, p. 382), therefore an existential psychotherapist may attribute the cause of the person’s anxiety to lost meaning of life. As Trull and Prinstein (2013) stated, the ultimate goal of existential psychotherapy is "to help the individual reach a point at which awareness and decision making can be exercised responsibly" (p. 383). The role of an existential psychotherapist is to enable the client to come closer to experience. By experiencing self, the client can learn to attach meaning and value to life. Sometimes the therapist will confront the client with questions “that force the client to examine the reasons for failure to search for meaning in life” (Trull & Prinstein, 2013, p.
As World War II occurred, the Jewish population suffered a tremendous loss and was treated with injustice and cruelty by the Nazi’s seen through examples in the book, Man’s Search for Meaning. Victor Frankl records his experiences and observations during his time as prisoner at Auschwitz during the war. Before imprisonment, he spent his leisure time as an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist in Vienna, Austria and was able to implement his analytical thought processes to life in the concentration camp. As a psychological analyst, Frankl portrays through the everyday life of the imprisoned of how they discover their own sense of meaning in life and what they aspire to live for, while being mistreated, wrongly punished, and served with little to no food from day to day. He emphasizes three psychological phases that are characterized by shock, apathy, and the inability to retain to normal life after their release from camp. These themes recur throughout the entirety of the book, which the inmates experience when they are first imprisoned, as they adapt as prisoners, and when they are freed from imprisonment. He also emphasizes the need for hope, to provide for a purpose to keep fighting for their lives, even if they were stripped naked and treated lower than the human race. Moreover, the Capos and the SS guards, who were apart of the secret society of Hitler, tormented many of the unjustly convicted. Although many suffered through violent deaths from gas chambers, frostbites, starvation, etc., many more suffered internally from losing faith in oneself to keep on living.
Eliezer Wiesel loses his faith in god, family and humanity through the experiences he has from the Nazi concentration camp.
Man’s Search for Meaning was written by Psychiatrist Viktor Frankl. In the book Frankl discusses his time in a Holocaust work camp. He not only gives a vivid description of his own stories but the stories of his patients. Frankl also discusses his personal journey of trying to figure out what his meaning his. His idea of his own meaning went from being a psychiatrist to having a wife and helping his fellow countrymen. He also touches on suffering and how we cannot avoid it because it is all part of the experience of life. His idea was that he would rather suffer and help his fellow countrymen than give in and die. He was one of the lucky few to escape with his life from the Camps and was able to carry on and tell his story and reunite
Viktor Frankl's concept regarding survival and fully living was developed through his observations and experiences in the concentration camps. He used his psychiatric training to discern the meanings of observations and to help himself become a better person. He uses analysis to develop his own concepts and describes them in steps throughout the book. When the prisoners first arrived at the camp most of them thought they would be spared at the last moment. The prisoners believed they had a chance of surviving, but this belief was eventually eliminated and it was at this time when the prisoners began to learn how to survive by using their internal strength. A sense of humor had emerged among the prisoners. This humor helped to get through some difficult situations they faced. Viktor also observed how much a person could really endure and still live. Even though the prisoners could not clean their teeth and were deprived of warmth and vitamins, they still were able to survive. The sores and abrasions on their hands did not suppurate despite the dirt that gathered on them from the hard labor. The challenge of staying alive under these wretched conditions was to have and maintain strong internal strength. During the time he spent in the camps, Viktor learned what was needed to survive and how to keep his internal strength despite his weakening external strength. During the second stage of Viktor's psychological reaction, prisoners lost their sense of feeling and emotion toward events that would be emotional to people outside the camps. This was a result of the violent environment, which consisted of beatings of prisoners and the death of many others. The prisoners could no longer feel any disgust or horr...
Man has free will acts as the second aspect of logotherapy. Viktor Frankl states, " Man's freedom is no freedom from conditions but rather freedom to take a stand on whatever conditions might confront him"(371) Holden Caulfield sometimes shows free will, "∦I couldn't think of a room or a house or anything to describe∦So what I did, I wrote about my brother Allies baseball mitt."(38) This shows he can think for himself and that he does not just do what people tell him to do.
“Century of the Self Part 3: The Policeman in Our Heads” is a documentary about Wilhelm Reich’s new therapy and ideas that opposed those of Sigmund Freud’s. This episode focuses on the development of movements that influenced the people to express their feelings and break away from the socially constructed identities. Several group leaders, founders, researchers, and the daughter of Wilhelm Reich were interviewed. Throughout the 1950s-1970s several movements developed to convince the people to remove the implants placed in their brains by the government and corporations in order to become individuals with control of their own and freedom. Erhard Seminar Training or EST was a form of training to implement change in people founded and developed
Man’s Search for Meaning captivated my interest within the concept of self-love, and hopefulness while in a dehumanized , self loathed, hatred environment, which ultimately ruminates, my self awareness and acknowledgments within the existential belief theory and the power capacity of the human brain. Viktor E. Frankl details readers in his own horrific predicament during World War II, expressing the harsh treatment and imprisonment of Jews in Auschwitz concentration camps. While at camp Frankl expressed multiple stages in which individuals faced within these difficult times while also accompanying for psychological
In Viktor Frankl’s essay “Man’s Search For Meaning,” he recounts his experiences surviving the holocaust. Frankl shows how traumatic experiences shape people and force them to change in accordance with what is happening to them. Furthermore, he argues that adaptation was the only way he could survive. To prove this, he describes how he learned to shut himself off from certain aspects of his life and pay more attention to aspects of life that gave him hope, such as nature. Similarly, adaptation is also an important concern of Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved. In Beloved, Morrison explores Frankl’s idea about how people adapt differently to trauma, some love more than they previously had because they are finally free to do so, some try to find a shaky balance between independence and love and others rely too heavily on the love of a few.
In Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl describes his revolutionary type of psychotherapy. He calls this therapy, logotherapy, from the Greek word "logos", which denotes meaning. This is centered on man's primary motivation of his search for meaning. To Frankl, finding meaning in life is a stronger force than any subconscious drive. He draws from his own experiences in a Nazi concentration camp to create and support this philosophy of man's existence.
In 1950s America, the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis were beginning to be reexamined and expanded as more cases of mental distress and disorders were uncovered that no one knew how to treat. These cases could often related back to one main theme, which was unhappiness in one aspect of an individual’s life. This problem area could be home life, work, social status, or a number of other areas. No matter what the root of the problem, the issue always caused a person to feel inconsequential and their minds would spiral down a negative path until they were no longer, by society’s terms, sane. Existentialists, those who believe individuals should be responsible for developing how they want and when they want, viewed these allegedly crazy people as developing at their own pace. They did not believe, however, that these people were discovering the meaning of their life as they were, more often than not, unhappy with their lives. The existentialists believed that when one does not aim for a specific goal or yearn to find meaning in their life, they are not living their life the way it was intended. The existential view emphasized a person or individual being responsible for determining their development on their own terms and discovering the meaning in life. When the mind gets in the way, in cases such as psychopathy, it does not allow for the individual to discover the true meaning of their own life as their judgment may become clouded by their current state of mind. The mind has a great deal of power in the matter of deciding whether a person will succeed on the existential path or if they will go down the path of psychopathy. This power can do a person a lot of good but it may also cause them a lot of stress and harm ...