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Features of activity based costing
Features of activity based costing
Features of activity based costing
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Veolia use of activity based costing will be important in their decisions on how they approach the regulations for reducing their Carbon Dioxide emissions or whether they will purchase credits. Their product is steam and electricity to the population of Philadelphia and the U of P in Philadelphia. Currently, the cost of buying CO2 credits from the last RGGI action was $5.41 per ton. The last action in March of 2015 sold 15, 272, 670 credits. Veolia will need to establish not only the engineering, construction and operating cost of each of the alternatives to reduction alternatives for CO2 over the purchasing of credits. The cost per ton will continue to increase per the RGGI rules. Currently, Veolia has not participated in the RGGI actions for credits for the Pennsylvania is not a member. If Pennsylvania becomes a member this will be an option for Veolia to meet their compliance of …show more content…
The purchase of credits is a short term option for all companies producing electricity and steam regardless of the type of fossil fuel used. Present research has concentrated their evaluations on coal since coal produces the highest emissions of CO2. The following is the emissions of CO2 per Btu of energy based on fuel type is : Coal (anthracite) 228.6, Coal (bituminous) 205.7, Coal (lignite) 215.4, Coal (subbituminous) 214.3, Diesel fuel & heating oil161.3, Gasoline157.2, Propane139.0, and Natural gas117.0. Since natural gas is principally methane, it has higher energy thus lower CO2 compared to other fuels. This lower generation of CO2 has limited the interest in research to reduce the CO2 that is in the stack exhaust. However, the cost of engineering, construction, and operating any of the options
The issue presented in this paper is how one can aim to reduce the amounts released, and what the best ways to solve this problem are. This has been long debated amongst scientists, businessmen, Industry-owners, and politicians amongst many other eminent figures in society. The four major approaches to reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere include: subsidies of alternative energy, cap and trade, carbon taxes, and command and control regulation. We will examine and compare the effectiveness of two of these methods: The carb...
...g, however, costs only $35 per ton. The school also makes $10 for every ton of paper it recycles” (Figueroa, 2009). This means that apart from saving the environment, the university also earns and is able to cut down on expenses for certain things because of the use of recycled materials.
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are Carbon rich compounds, the combustion of which produces Carbon Dioxide, a pollutant and a greenhouse gas. A large amount of energy is released during this process, which is why the pollutants off products are tolerated. This process occurs constantly throughout the world, in power stations, vehicles and cooking ovens, leading to an immense volume of CO2 being released every second, 50% of which is absorbed by oceans (Oce...
The tradeoffs of using gasoline for cars are large emission of carbon dioxide and required large amount of chemical t...
In an era of rising technology and increasing population, demands on the environment are continually being pushed to new levels. As a result, it becomes important for us to expand our knowledge about the environment and take appropriate actions to protect this element of most importance to human existence. One component of our environment experiencing some of the greatest abuse due to humans is the air. Air pollution has been on the rise ever since the beginning of industrialization. The climbing number of factories and use of cars worldwide are the major culprits of this environmental hazard. There are various gases released into the air that can be considered air pollutants, but one of the most prevalent and dangerous to the environment is carbon dioxide (CO2). Up to 95% of the CO2 produced is the result of natural processes (Burnett & Matthews Jr., 1998). The rest is a direct result of human activity, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels in the production of energy
In this case, there are two solutions presented to reduce carbon emissions in the air from burning fossil fuels; as a result, it will reduce global warming. In this paper, these solutions and questions related to them are to be discussed and analyzed.
Weltman, Barbara. "Tax Incentives for Going Green." NY Report. N.p., 3 Feb. 2010. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.
The development of science and technology has led to people considering using alternative fuels to generate electricity. There are many alternative fuels that can generate electricity, such as natural gas, nuclear energy, wind energy, hydraulic power and so on (Fossil Fuels Used to Generate Electricity Power Plant Emissions of North America). According to the statistics by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2009, the usage of coal was still the largest source to generate the power. Sources of electricity in the United States were generated by 44.9% of coal, 20.3% of nuclear, 23.4% of natural gas, 1% of petroleum, 6.9% of hydroelectric conventional and 3.6% of others (Electric Power Monthly with Data for February 2014). Coal is the main source of electricity in many parts of the world, including the United States. One of the reason why most countries prefer to use coal to generate the electricity is that the cost of using coal is cheaper than other sources but powerful. The coal power stations are much easier to set up than other power station. There are many advantages in generating power from coal. Coal as a source of electricity is economic, safe, effective and it is easy to eliminate the secondary pollutions and so on. As a result, the usage of coal should remain its status and cannot be replaced by other fuels.
The globalization of coal may be the top reason for climate change, especially in China. Particularly, burning coal is the biggest source greenhouse emissions. “China is currently building over 1 gigawatt of new coal plants every week.” 1 This is dangerous since those producing the coal, only use the energy and leave the carbon dioxide behind; dumping it into the atmosphere and increasing the greenhouse effect. As a result, the rise in temperature may
The emission of green house gasses due to human activity contributes the most in increasing global warming. Today, fossil fuels are used as a source of energy for transportation, electricity, industrial process and to increase human comfort in this era. Over the last decade humans have created mass amount of industries. These industries have been burning fossil fuels such as coal, which release carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide absorbs heat that raises the temperature of the earth. More than 80% of carbon dioxide comes from tr...
Power plants light up the world that we live in today, and without them the luxury of electricity would not be possible. However, power plants also cause considerable damage to the environment that unfortunately may be irreversible. To fight this, the government has set laws in place, such as the Clean Air Act (CAA, n.d.), to help dramatically reduce the risk of devastating environmental harm as much as possible. This regulates hazardous carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released into the Earth’s atmosphere (EPA, 2017). Carbon capture technologies assist in fulfilling the legal requirements of the Clean Air Act. By the use of three different methods, oxy-fuel combustion, post-combustion capture, and pre-combustion capture, power plants can
Fossil fuel emissions are the main cause of global warming. We release over twenty billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, which increases the amount of heat trapped by the greenhouse effect, thereby contributing to global warming. The amount of fossil fuel remaining is limited. This will cause job losses in the fossil fuel industry. On the other hand, the United States has advanced technologies such as solar panels that can replace fossil fuel, which will cause the amount of green jo...
This paper was designed to look more in detail at the power industry and the environment. The topics in this paper include: coal and its impact on the environment, natural gas and its impact on the environment, and basic economics. Specifically, this paper seeks answers to the following questions:
Energy crisis and environmental pollution are highlighted to be one of the major global problems in the 21st century. For the past 200 years, human society has had a ravenous appetite for fossil fuels. The huge increase in human population and also the industrial revolution were the major sources of fossil fuel consumption. However it is becoming obvious that our dependence on fossil fuels is causing many problems that we are going to have to address. Therefore, our greatest challenge is to find means to reduce the extraction and combustion of fossil fuels. Fortunately, we have the potential to reduce the CO2 emission from fossil fuels combustion by converting them into renewable, carbon-neutral energy sources that provide the energy services now obtained from fossil fuels (1–3).
Fuels like coal, and oil that once were a fine innovation in creating energy are now rapidly deleting and one day will be gone forever; energy that won’t last is often referred to as non-renewable energy. Besides being set up to fail and become inefficient in the future, fossil fuel energy is not clean to use and poses several environmental complications. Coal, for instance is “the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. Coal combustion not only produces sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides that contribute to acid rain and snow, it generates millions of tons of particulates that cause asthma and other respiratory diseases.” As with all usage of fossil fuels, it creates enormous amounts of carbon dioxide, which contributes to greenhouse gas. Not only are fossil fuels dirty, they also pose as a security risk and unforgiving on the American wallet. (Saini)