Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Case Study

1330 Words3 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: Ventilated associated with pneumonia

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
Abstract
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common infections that are acquired through many ways and is particularly found in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). One of the primary risk factors that lead to the development of VAP is the availability of an endotracheal tube. In many cases, the intubation process takes place in the emergency room (ER), pre-hospital, and in the operation room. In the current world, VAP has been directly associated with the increased costs and prolonged hospital stay. Numerous evidence-based guidelines (protocols and procedures) have been put in place to minimize the occurrence of VAP and reduce the mortality rate of the patients. Preventive measures have also been …show more content…

The correct definition of this term has created an immense controversy among the scholar whereby some say that it is the cluster of microorganisms bundled together in the material that contains proteins, DNA, and polysaccharides that establish the mechanical scaffold around such living organisms (Fein, 2006). Biofilm forms very fast within the duration of intubation. Positive pressure and suction from the mechanical ventilation leads to detachment of bacteria from the ETT and moves to the interior section of the lower respiratory tract. Some of the pathogens that lead to VAP include; Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Enterococci. Some pathogens can be identified by culture from secretions, the trachea, and the ETT. Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly infectious bacteria that are directly related to the increased rates of mortality among the intubated patients. Treatment and early discovery of VAP can diminish the length of hospital stay, patient mortality, and morbidity (Yunen & Frendl,

Show More
Related

  • Anaesthetic Machine and Airway Equipment

    993 Words  | 2 Pages

    This essay describes how the anaesthetic machine and airway management equipment are prepared in operating theatres and discusses how they are ensured safe for use. It evaluates the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) guidelines related to safe practice and the preparation of the ET tubes, laryngeal masks, guedels, Naso pharyngeal airways and the laryngoscope. The function of the anaesthetic workstation is to deliver a mixture of anaesthetic agents and gases safely to the patient during the induction process and throughout surgery. In addition, it also provides ventilation to support breathing and monitors the patient’s vital signs to minimise the anaesthetic risks to the patient whilst in the care of health professionals. The pre-use check is vital to patient safety as an inadequate check of the anaesthetic machine or airway management equipment can and does lead to significant harm of the patient including mortality (Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 2008 and Magee, 2012).

    Read More

  • Hospital Illness of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

    2985 Words  | 6 Pages

    Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a very common hospital acquired infection, especially in pediatric intensive care units, ranking as the second most common (Foglia, Meier, & Elward, 2007). It is defined as pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after mechanical ventilation begins. A VAP is diagnosed when new or increase infiltrate shows on chest radiograph and two or more of the following, a fever of >38.3C, leukocytosis of >12x10 9 /mL, and purulent tracheobronchial secretions (Koenig & Truwit, 2006). VAP occurs when the lower respiratory tract that is sterile is introduced microorganisms are introduced to the lower respiratory tract and parenchyma of the lung by aspiration of secretions, migration of aerodigestive tract, or by contaminated equipment or medications (Amanullah & Posner, 2013). VAP occurs in approximately 22.7% of patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation in PICUs (Tablan, Anderson, Besser, Bridges, & Hajjeh, 2004). The outcomes of VAP are not beneficial for the patient or healthcare organization. VAP adds to increase healthcare cost per episode of between $30,000 and $40,000 (Foglia et al., 2007) (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). This infection is also associated with increase length of stay, morbidity and high crude mortality rates of 20-50% (Foglia et al., 2007)(Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). Currently, the PICU has implemented all of the parts of the VARI bundle except the daily discussion of readiness to extubate. The VARI bundle currently includes, head of the bed greater then or equal to 30 degrees, use oral antiseptic (chlorhexidine) each morning, mouth care every 2 hours, etc. In the PICU at children’s, the rates for VAP have decreased since the implementation of safety ro...

    Read More

  • Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ( Vap )

    709 Words  | 2 Pages

    Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains to be a common and potentially serious complication of ventilator care often confronted within an intensive care unit (ICU). Ventilated and intubated patients present ICU physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists with the unique challenge to integrate evidence-informed practices surrounding the delivery of high quality care that will decrease its occurrence and frequency. Mechanical intubation negates effective cough reflexes and hampers mucociliary clearance of secretions, which cause leakage and microaspiration of virulent bacteria into the lungs. VAP is the most frequent cause of nosocomial infections and occurs within 48 hours of intubation. VAP is a major health care burden with its increased morbidity, mortality, longer ventilator days and hospital stay, and escalating health care cost.

    Read More

  • Nutrition in the Intubated Patient

    1349 Words  | 3 Pages

    The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to find peer-reviewed articles, using query terms such as: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and prevention. In addition, the TWUniversal search engine was utilized to find peer-reviewed articles, with the key words: aspiration pneumonia, ventilator, and enteral.

    Read More

  • Pneumonia Research Paper

    650 Words  | 2 Pages

    My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).

    Read More

  • Tracheobronchitis Essay

    667 Words  | 2 Pages

    Tracheobronchitis is often times found in intubated patients who need assistance breathing by a ventilator. These infections are often times caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aures or gram negative bacilli), where they collect in the oropharynx and enter the respiratory by the endotracheal tube cuff or through the lumen (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). Ventilated associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) leads to ventilator associated pneumonia if not affectively treated with the appropriate medications and prevention techniques over time. One must understand the significance in order to properly put into effect the prevention and therapy. The endotracheal tube cuff and intralumenal biofilm formation also prevent the exit of bacteria and secretions from the lower airway, increasing the need for manual tracheobronchial suctioning (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). The numbers and virulence of types of pathoge...

    Read More

  • Sepsis: Pathophysiology Of Sepsis

    1258 Words  | 3 Pages

    The most important elements of the guidelines are organized into two “bundles” of care (Angus, 2013). The first “bundle” is for within the first 3 hours sepsis is suspected. The first thing you would do is measure the lactate level. The second thing is obtaining blood cultures prior to administration of prescribed antibiotics. You administer broad spectrum antibiotics in patients with septic shock. The risk of dying increases by approximately 10% for every hour of delay in receiving antibiotics. The last thing you would do for the 3 hr “bundle” is fluid resuscitation: administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥ 4mmol/L (Subtle Signs of Sepsis, 2017). The second “bundle” is for within the first 6 hours sepsis is suspected. The nurse would do the same protocol for suspected sepsis within 3 hours and continue for more advanced treatment. The next thing you would do is administer vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid resuscitation) to maintain a MAP ≥ 65 mmHg. For persistent arterial hypotension despite volume resuscitation (septic shock) or initial lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dL), reassess volume status and tissue perfusion and document findings. After initial fluid resuscitation, repeat focused exam, including pulse, capillary refills, vital signs, cardiopulmonary assessment, and skin (Subtle Signs of Sepsis,

    Read More

  • Case Study on a Three Year Old With Bronchiolitis

    1885 Words  | 4 Pages

    Introduction: This paper will discuss a case study of Liam, a three-month-old boy who is transferred from the General Practitioner (GP) to a paediatric ward with bronchiolitis. Initially, Liam’s chief health issues will be identified, followed by a nursing assessment and diagnosis of the child’s needs. Focus will be made on the management of two major health problems: respiratory distress and dehydration, and summary and evaluation of the interventions with evidence of learning. Lastly, a conclusion of the author’s self-evaluation will be presented. Identification of specific key issues: Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days.

    Read More

  • Is Oral Care an Effective Intervention for Reducing the Incidence of Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients?

    695 Words  | 2 Pages

    VAP develops in a patient after 48 hours or more of endotracheal intubation. According to a study by Relio et al. (as citied in Fields, L.B., 2008, Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 40(5), 291-8) VAP adds an additional cost of $29,000-$40,000 per patient and increases the morality rate by 40-80%. Mechanically ventilated patients are at an increased risk in developing VAP due to factors such as circumvention of body’s own natural defense mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract (the filtering and protective properties of nasal mucosa and cilia), dry open mouth, and aspiration of oral secretions, altered consciousness, immobility, and possible immunosuppression. Furthermore, the accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity creates a biofilm that allows the patient’s mouth to become colonized with bacteria.

    Read More

  • Biofilms

    1298 Words  | 3 Pages

    Biofilms are formed by a six step process. First is a reversible process, when an organic monolayer(made of polysaccharides or glycoproteins) absorbs to the surface, altering the chemical and physical properties of the surface. This makes the surface more conditioned and increase the chance that planktonic bacteria will attach. Secondly, also a reversible step, is when the free-floating or planktonic bacteria encounter the conditioned surface, and some attachment of the bacteria may occur. The third step is when the bacteria is left attached too long, then an irreversible attachment occurs. F...

    Read More

  • Infection Control in Dental Care

    2040 Words  | 5 Pages

    Rautemaa, R., Nordberg, A., Wuolijoki-Saaristo, K., & Meurman, J. (2006). Bacterial Aerosols in Dental Practice - a Potential Hospital Infection Problem? Journal of Hospital Infection, 64(1), 67-81.

    Read More

  • Charles’ Law in Respiratory Care

    682 Words  | 2 Pages

    Kacmarek, R., Stoller, J., & Heuer, A. (2013). Egan's fudamentals of respiratory care. (10th ed., pp. 10, 819-820). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby.

    Read More

  • Health Associated Infections

    1616 Words  | 4 Pages

    Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung infection that occurs in a person who has been on a ventilator.... ... middle of paper ... ...

    Read More

  • Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biofilms

    1413 Words  | 3 Pages

    Biofilms can form on many surfaces, including natural aquatic systems, human teeth, medical devices like artificial heart valves and catheters,

    Read More

  • How Boyle's Law Relates to Respiratory Care

    576 Words  | 2 Pages

    Kacmarek, R. (2013). Fundamentals of respiratory care. (10th edition ed., p. 439). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby.

    Read More

More about Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Case Study

Open Document