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Using Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior
According to Goethe, "We do not have to visit a madhouse to find disordered minds; our planet is the mental institution of the universe." Despite the hyperbolic nature of Goethe’s statement, it holds some truth. Because of this element of truth, society looks to psychoanalysis as an important tool for understanding human nature. Furthermore, psychoanalytic criticism of authors, characters, and readers has a place in literary criticism that is as important as the place of psychoanalysis in society. This is because of the mimetic nature of much of modern literature. In fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, "If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the unconscious, one must set out from the notion that the unconscious is structured like a language,"(1) thus directly relating literature – the art of language - and psychoanalysis. Searching the database of the Modern Language Association for articles about the use of psychoanalysis for understanding Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man yields one article by Caffilene Allen, of Georgia State University, in Literature and Psychology in 1995. Thus, further study of this subject seems warranted. As Allen points out, "Purely psychoanalytic interpretations of Invisible Man are rare, even though Ellison clearly threads the theories of at least Freud throughout his novel."(2) Because of the rarity of psychoanalytic critiques of Invisible Man, this paper will examine the character of the invisible man in the Prologue and Epilogue of Ellison’s masterpiece using the theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Jacques Lacan.
The first step in this study should be to look at previous psychoanalytic critiques of Invisibl...
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This study, through the analysis of the modern American masterpiece Invisible Man, brings to life psychoanalysts of three generations: Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Jacques Lacan. Though their theories are dense and sometimes difficult, relating them to an easily accessible novel turns them into easily accessible theories. The aim of this paper was to fill a void where psychoanalytic criticism of Invisible Man was lacking. The result has been the bringing together of psychoanalysis and literature in a way that makes each more enjoyable and alive. With people believing in invisibility now, this paper has a wider audience to reach than just members of academia; it may be able to aid the friends of the Web who care for those who suffer from invisibility. Take to mind that psychoanalysis can shed new light on any dark cave of the mind.
The narrator of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man is the victim of his own naiveté. Throughout the novel he trusts that various people and groups are helping him when in reality they are using him for their own benefit. They give him the illusion that he is useful and important, all the while running him in circles. Ellison uses much symbolism in his book, some blatant and some hard to perceive, but nothing embodies the oppression and deception of the white hierarchy surrounding him better than his treasured briefcase, one of the most important symbols in the book.
By embracing his invisibility as his identity, the narrator comes to the realization that what he has gone through, the cycle of becoming a new being, may speak to others as members of oppressed communities work to find a voice. With the rhetorical questioning, the narrator goes through continuous self-criticism, but by critiquing himself, he is able to realize that he needs to bring a change with the way his invisibility is used. Through the adventures of being unknown in the picture to utilizing whatever possible to create change, the narrator portrays the true impact invisibility can produce, which is that invisibility can be the identity that one acclaims to, it does not have to be viewed in a negative light. If one does not attach themselves with labels or different descriptions, that does not mean that they are incompetent in any manner, but rather, they choose to be invisible and a part of something greater. With rhetorical questioning and accepting the boon of invisibility, the narrator finds a way to truly free himself from any shackles that may have limited him earlier as he worked to find his identity and understand who he really
When this story is viewed through Sigmund Freud’s “psychoanalytic lens” the novel reveals itself as much more than just another gory war novel. According to Sigmund Freud psychology there are three parts of the mind that control a person’s actions which are the id, ego, and superego. Psychoanalysis states that there are three parts of the human mind, both conscious and subconscious, that control a person’s actions. The Id, ego, and
Invisibility is a motif introduced even before the first page of the novel is turned. Although The Invisible Man was written over a 7 year period, Ralph Ellison uses invisibility as a representation of the status of a black man during the society of the late 1920s and early 1930s (Reilly 20). Symbolically, the black man is invisible to the white man because the latter is blind towards both the reality of the black man’s physical presence and influence in society. The narrator is in a continuous struggle with himself throughout the novel in a difficult attempt to discover who he is in a racist America, and make his mark on a white society. During the search for his identity, the narrator attempts to define himself based on the ideas of others and what they want him to be. In doing so, his fate becomes intertwined with those who have given him his “temporary” identities. Those above him have been using him as tools for their own future successes and gaining power over him in the process. He does not realize this until later on in the novel however, and he works to rectify his mistakes soon after the realizations of self worth and invisibility both become clear to him. Because the narrator had continued to model himself as anything but what he actually was, he was invisible to himself and to the people in control of his life. The fact that the narrator’s invisibility has been brought about by other character’s actions, brings up the issue of intertwining fates. Ellison uses characters and locations to accentuate this theme even more.
Psychoanalysis is the method of psychological therapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts (“Psychoanalysis”). This transfers to analyzing writing in order to obtain a meaning behind the text. There are two types of people who read stories and articles. The first type attempts to understand the plot or topic while the second type reads to understand the meaning behind the text. Baldick is the second type who analyzes everything. Since his article, “Allure, Authority and Psychoanalysis” discusses the meaning behind everything that happens in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” we can also examine “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” in the same manner.
Early on in Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison's nameless narrator recalls a Sunday afternoon in his campus chapel. With aspirations not unlike those of Silas Snobden's office boy, he gazes up from his pew to further extol a platform lined with Horatio Alger proof-positives, millionaires who have realized the American Dream. For the narrator, it is a reality closer and kinder than prayer can provide: all he need do to achieve what they have is work hard enough. At this point, the narrator cannot be faulted for such delusions, he is not yet alive, he has not yet recognized his invisibility. This discovery takes twenty years to unfold. When it does, he is underground, immersed in a blackness that would seem to underscore the words he has heard on that very campus: he is nobody; he doesn't exist (143).
Ralph Ellison published the book ’Invisible Man’ at Random House in 1952 (Wright, Richard, Michel & and Claude 3). One time he fell sick and he decided to take some time away from work in order to recover. During this time, Ralph developed an inspiration to write a collection which later became the “Invisible Man’. In the book, the narrator starts off by saying that he is invisible, a form that is not physical, but it is a refusal of others to recognize his presence. Further, the narrator says that owing to his invisibility, he has had to keep off from the world to live underground, eventually vandalizing power from the Monopolated Light & Power Company (Wright et.al 117). However, the narrator realizes his importance despite his individuality complex, thus he decides to uphold his distinctiveness without sacrificing his dependability to the society. Finally, the narrator feels ready to leave his hiding place and face the world.
Throughout Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man, the main character dealt with collisions and contradictions, which at first glance presented as negative influences, but in retrospect, they positively influenced his life, ultimately resulting in the narrator developing a sense of independence. The narrator, invisible man, began the novel as gullible, dependent, and self-centered. During the course of the book, he developed into a self-determining and assured character. The characters and circumstances invisible man came across allowed for this growth.
Invisibility serves as a large umbrella from which other critical discussion, including that of sight, stems. Sight and Invisibility are interconnected when viewing Invisible Man. Essentially, it is because of the lack of sight exhibited by the narrator, that he is considered invisible. Author Alice Bloch’s article published in The English Journal, is a brief yet intricate exploration of the theme of sight in Ellison’s Invisible Man. By interpreting some of the signifying imagery, (i.e. the statue on campus, Reverend Bledsoe’s blindness, Brother Jack’s false eye) within the novel, Bloch vividly portrays how sight is a major part of Ellison’s text. The author contends that Ellison’s protagonist possesses sightfulness which he is unaware of until the end of the book; however, once aware, he tries to live more insightfully by coming out of his hole to shed his invisibility and expose the white man’s subjugation. What is interesting in Bloch’s article is how she uses the imagery of sight in the novel as a means to display how it is equated to invisibility
Callahan, John F. Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man: A Casebook. New York: Oxford UP, 2004. 134-300. Print.
Ralph Ellison speaks of a man who is “invisible” to the world around him because people fail to acknowledge his presence. The author of the piece draws from his own experience as an ignored man and creates a character that depicts the extreme characteristics of a man whom few stop to acknowledge. Ellison persuades his audience to sympathize with this violent man through the use of rhetorical appeal. Ethos and pathos are dominant in Ellison’s writing style. His audience is barely aware of the gentle encouragement calling them to focus on the “invisible” individuals around us. Ralph Ellison’s rhetoric in, “Prologue from The Invisible Man,” is effective when it argues that an individual with little or no identity will eventually resort to a life of aimless destruction and isolation.
O'Meally, Robert, ed. New Essays on Invisible Man. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Psychoanalytic Theory itself has, what seems to be, two contradictory halves: Freudian psychoanalysis and Lacanian psychoanalysis. The first half focuses solely on the author and the unconscious mind; the second considers the unconscious, but prefers to concentrate on outside influences by deconstructing the text itself. According to Freud, interpretation is achieved by examining conflicts and symbols, such as Freudian slips and dream images. These outlets are help to determine whether an individual’s external behavior coincides (or conflicts) with their internal emotion. Freud placed emphasis on sexuality and the Oedipus complex, which is the idea of repressed sexual feelings toward a parent of opposite sex. He also defined three levels of the subconscious mind: the ego, the super-ego, and the id. Barry explains that the stages align with “the consciousness, the conscience, and the unconscious” respectively (93). On the other hand, Lacan, a follower of Freud, concentrated on the relationship between an author and his or her work. He claimed the two were inexorably connected, that objectivity is nonexistent. In an essence: an author’s personality is used to interpret the text and, in contrast, the text is used to gain insight about the author. Regardless of the emphasis, psychoanalytic criticism engages an
By considering such arguments, psychoanalysis can be said to have no ultra fundamental meaning when assessing an author’s work. For former advocate of this analysis, Frederic...
Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of feeling, thinking and acting. Psychodynamic theories of personality view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious mind and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts (Myers & Dewall, pg# 572, 2015). These theories focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. Psychodynamic theories are descended from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, which is his ideology of personality and the associated treatment techniques. Psychoanalysis attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. This theory also includes the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. He proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. Freud’s historically significant psychoanalytic theory became part of the human cultural legacy.