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Criminological approaches to the commission of crime
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Getting reliable statistics on crime is usually difficult. In cases where an individual has been able to get the data, the statistics are known to be unreliable. Several reasons can be attributed to the unreliability of the statistics of crime. First, the nature of crime changes over time. An incident which can be considered a crime in one location may not be a crime in another jurisdiction or after some time. These changes make it difficult to keep tabs of the number of crimes committed which leads to the second reason why statistics of crime is difficult and unreliable. It is nearly impossible to enumerate the actual number of crimes committed. This is true for both major crimes and minor crimes that individuals in the society commit. Lastly, …show more content…
The program began in 1929, and it collects information on crimes which have been reported to law enforcement authorities. The data is collected by law enforcement agencies in the country then transmitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigations for compiling on a monthly basis. The crimes which are recorded include murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, burglary, and arson (UCR, 2017).
Several advantages can be identified when using UCR as a source of crime data. First, UCR program provides the crime count of the entire nation. The data is subdivided into regions, states, counties, cities, town, tribal law enforcement, and universities and colleges. The national wide count for crime enables an individual to study tends among various jurisdictions or those with common characteristics. Secondly, the report provides details about crimes such as those which were unlawful and those that were cleared by the Justice system (UCR, 2017). Lastly, the data reports on the profile of various crimes such as the perpetrator and weapons
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First, it only compiles information on crimes which have been reported to law enforcement agencies. Some people tend not to report crimes committed against them. Hence, the program is unable to provide the real picture of crime in the nation. Secondly, crimes such as rape are only measured against women in UCR program. As a result, males who experienced this crime are not accounted in the report. Lastly, UCR data is prone to human error in recording (UCR, 2017).
People can impact on the validity of the data in the collection process. UCR program uses law enforcement agencies to collect data on reported crime. The person responsible for recording his crimes might make a mistake which may affect the credibility of the data collected. Therefore, human error can result to unreliable data being collected by UCR.
National Crime Victimization
Crime data is a resource being used to help understand who the victims are, their age, race, what type of crime they have committed. The more information someone has about crime the more prepared they can be to deal with the victim, evaluate programs that help prevent crime. There are several official sources used UCR, NCVS, NIBRS that are used. There are pros and cons to each source and the following information will include some of the positive and some of the negatives points of each report. This is not inclusive by any means, there are many different various pros and cons of each report.
The UCR is a cooperative effort for nation-wide law enforcement agencies to report on national crime statistics. According to the FBI's "Summary of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program," every month, "18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily report data on crimes brought to their attention" (as cited in "Uniform Crime Reports"). The UCR first began in the 1920s and 30s. By 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) was made responsible for compiling the data, though the FBI does not and has never collected the crime statistic data itself. The UCR divides crimes into two major categories called Part I offenses and Part II offenses. Part I reports data on "violent and property crimes" ("Uniform Crime Reports"). The list of crimes included under the violent crime classification is "aggravated assault, forcible rape, and robbery" ("Uniform Crime Reports"). The list of crimes classified under property crimes
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is constructed by the FBI on statistics of crime in the U.S. The FBI consolidates the information it receives from law enforcement officials and integrates all the information into a data that measures crime. This information is compiled by over 18,000 different agencies, from the universities to federal agencies. The information they receive is placed into two different categories, part 1 and part 2 offenses. UCR also measure crime against only women and the NCVS measures against both male and female.
Our government, the United States of America, is knowingly responsible for providing its citizens with factual crime data that can be used to inform them of the effectiveness of current criminological practices. The data provided is collected and analyzed by a number of government agencies, but it is not limited to this, as we often send data to independent contractors to analyze for us.
UCR takes note of all crimes in the Criminal Code annually recorded by the ‘dark figure’ of policing, whereas GSS on Victimization only sources eight types of offences self-reported via phone interviews quinquennial for the past year. The loose ends of both surveys tie together to provide an accurate overall trend of crime rates in Canada. UCR and GSS on Victimization are equally important to the study of crime. They are able to compare crime rates by geographical regions, crime severity, and characteristics of victimization. Criminologists require this information obtained from the surveys to study the causes, effects, and social impact of crime and victimization, in order to determine how to predict, deter, and prohibit criminal activity. They provide a more robust measure of the extent and impact of criminal activity in Canadian society. Together they provide an accurate measurement of crime through police reports and self-reporting of broad social surveys, rather than alone since both are lacking in their own ways. As a difference in timing is a key characteristic in the differences in the polls. UCR is annually conducted, whereas GSS on Victimization is processed every five years for the forgoing 12
Irregularity with the frequency of the survey makes patterns or trends of crime difficult to identify (ONS, 2013).
We hear a lot about the crime rates going up and down from the media and they tend to expand on specific types of criminal behavior that might be of interest to the public. When politicians are running for office we are told that the crime rates are down due to the tough crime policies that they have been implemented. Citizens seek crime rates for assistance in determining if the area they reside in is safe. Some people wish to get a general idea of the crime rates for a specific neighborhood where they are thinking of purchasing a house. But what is never explained is where do the crime statistics come from and were there any factors that could have had an effect on their reliability. Crime statistics, which are created from what is reported to the police, are often unreliable. There are several influential factors that can make crime statistics both increase and decrease at any time. Most police departments, but not all, use Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) to submit their statistics to the state. Attempting to compare two police agency's crime statistics is almost impossible because not all police agencies use the UCR program for classifying crimes. UCR is a national data reporting policy that is maintained by the state and regulated by the FBI. This policy requires police agencies to report their monthly statistics by following a hierarchy scale for classifying the criminal offenses. A hierarchy scale is a list of crimes in a specific order of importance used to pick out the highest crime when there are multiple crimes committed in one incident. An example: a citizen contacts the police and makes a report of a burglary, a rape and a larceny all occurring in one incident. A...
The police records crime reported by the public in 43 police force areas and provides these data to the Home Office and for their Basic Command Units. These data provide a wealth of statistical information on recorded crime rates and possibly identify long-term trends in recorded crime rates. Due to such data collecting process, how crime being reported by the victims or witnesses and recorded by the police may affect the accuracy of such official statistics. Thus, however, the main drawbacks of this kind of statistics are excluding crimes that are not discovered, reported or recorded. Firstly, some criminal activities are not witnessed or discovered then not recorded officially by the police. According to Croall (1998), a crime being counted officially should be perceived and recognised by a member of the public, a victim or law enforcement officers. For example, white –collar crimes such as fraud or misuse of expense accounts may not be discovered easily. Therefore, crimes that are not be seen may be uncounted in the official crime
The Uniform Crime Report, which was developed in the 1930s, is commonly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a record of crimes committed all across the United States. These crimes, which fall under two categories, Part I and Part II offenses, are reported by local police to the Federal Bureau of Investigation each year. Part I offenses are considered to be the more serious of crimes recognized by society. Such examples of this are homicide, forcible rape, robbery, arson, motor vehicle theft, etc. Part II offenses are those that are considered less serious, such as fraud, simple assault, drug abuse, gambling, stolen property, embezzlement, etc. Part I crimes can also be subdivided into what are known as violent crimes and property crimes. (Barkan, 2012). However, there are both some positive and negative aspects of this type of crime measurement. The following paper will explore the small amount of pros and numerous cons associated with the Uniform Crime Report.
Crime Data Sources Kayla M. Ferrell American Public University Systems Date of Submission Contents Introduction 3 Uniform Crime Reports 3 National Incident-Based Reporting System 3 Uniform Crime Reports Methodology 4 National Incident-Based Reporting System Methodology 4 Similarities of UCR and NIBRS 5 Which System is More Efficient? 5 Conclusion 6 References 6 Introduction The top two and most commonly used programs for reporting and tracking crime statistics in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports, UCR, program and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, NIBRS, program.
Rand, M. (2009, September 1). "Criminal Victimization, 2008". Retrieved April 25, 2011, from Washington, D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv08.pdf
For decades now, including the years 1994 and 1995, the time of the O.J. Simpson murder trial, American law enforcement has used two major data sources to measure crime. First, there is the Uniform Crime Report or UCR. The UCR is compiled data from reported crimes, it is a very accurate system used for murder and those crimes that cannot go unnoticed. Next, we have The National Crime Victim Survey or NCVS which is a unanimous survey, better at accounting for the crimes that may not get reported, crimes such as rape or assault.
Federal Bureau of Investigaiton. (2010, December 22). Preliminary Semiannual Uniform Crime Report, January –June, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjs/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s./2010/preliminary-crime-in-the-us-2009
Another reason why police crime figures don’t always show the full extent of crime is that the police don’t always record all the crime that is reported to them. Police officers decide whether or not an incident is worth reporting or not such as if there is enough evidence to say a crime has been committed or if the incident is