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Weaknesses and strengths of social identity theory
Culturally constructed sexuality
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Understand the lesbian identity “…sex attains meaning in social relations, which implies that we can only make appropriate choices around sexuality by understanding its social, cultueral and political context.” (Quote: 9293 jeffrey weeks) The idea around the sexual tradition has drastically changed over the years; for centuries homosexuality was considered as a sinful act; but with developments in the scientific, cultural and social world this ‘act’ developed into an identity, a way of being based around characteristics which make an individual who they are. The essentialist theory reflects this in terms that in every concept known to be there is a formed idea around them; in terms of homosexuality the theory contributes to the idea that homosexuality is not just act, with reference to sodomy, but is a characteristic of the individual who engages in the act; an identiy. Throughout society there are a lot of identities one might categorize themselves within; based on knowledge and opinions and fundamentally a way of life. The Social Identity theory, proposed by Henry Tajfel in the 1970’s is designed to explain and help aid in the understanding of how it is one might develop a connection and belonging to particular groups within society; but more importantly providing an understanding as to how the mechanics of discrimination regarding other groups work. “In order to increase our self-image we enhance the status of the group to which we belong…we can also increase our self-image by discriminating and holding prejudice views against the out group (the group we don’t belong to).” (simplypsychology). To some degree everyone is influenced by social identity, the theory composes the idea that the social world is divided into ... ... middle of paper ... ...ea that lesbians are actually not that different. Social identies are a big force in the way lesbians are treated within society. The fact that groups fear individuals who are different to themselves is a big factor in trying to understand why it is lesbians face discrimination. The more heterosexuals are subjected to the reality of lesbiansm the more this social identity can become normalized. As stated before, unless a lesbian discloses her identity heterosexuals wont alsways assume thir identity hindering them into their social group. This research will further look at how the use of media, in specific TV dramas are a significant tool in representing these lesbian identities, to normalize the subculture which is often overlooked because there are no obvious factors that highlight a lesbian, and to show how normal lesbianism actually is withing society.
In her book, Difference Matters, Brenda Allen discusses the importance of identity in an individual and in society. She addresses specific factors, from age to social class, that affect society. In her first chapter, more specifically, she talks about these factors as a whole in introducing the why differences matter. She then lays out the issues associated with differences in society. There are misinterpretations and misconceptions that become problematic between the relationship with individuals and society. This chapter is perfect for my topic because it shows that people differ from
Although the concept of identity is recurrent in our daily lives, it has interpreted in various ways.
Jonathan Katz talks about the initial creation of the term “heterosexuality” and how it was used to classify certain groups of people’s way of practicing sex. Along with the negative ideology the term reflected upon society. The author talks about the early definition of the term “heterosexuality”. Katz closely examines the different cultures and what sex meant to them prior to the term and over all labeling of “heterosexual” and what become of them after the fact. Katz illustrates the many faces of the term “heterosexual” starting with the early definition of the word, which was at the
In the article “An Anthropological Look at Human Sexuality” the authors, Patrick Gray and Linda Wolfe speak about how societies look at human sexuality. The core concept of anthology is the idea of culture, the systems of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors people acquire as a member of society. The authors give an in depth analysis on how human sexuality is looked at in all different situations.
For example, “sociological and popular understanding of gay and lesbian relationships has been greatly distorted by the false presumption that only heterosexual relationships are normal ways of expressing sexual intimacy and love” (Andersen 1997, 95). This explains how society helps in influencing and identifying people sexual identities throughout their lifetime. Andersen admits that “heterosexual identity includes the belief that men have an overpowering sex drive and that women are considered more loving, soft and are link to sex [… and] contemporary sexual attitudes are shaped by phallocentric thinking-that which sees men as powerful and women as weak” (Andersen 1997, 94, 96). Although, society is lead to believe that men should be the dominant figure of the family. The reality is that, in gay and lesbian relationships, no one individual displays the behavior of an authoritative
The social identity theory is a person’s sense of who they are based on their social
Tajifel, H. a. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/258189
Unlike sex, the history of sexuality is dependant upon society and limited by its language in order to be defined and understood.
Some of the strengths of the social identity theory are that; throughout the years it has supported many empirical studies, it has also demonstrated the social categorization in intergroup behaviors, allowed us to differentiate between social and personal identities and has provide explanations for other areas of psychology (conformity). A weaknesses of the Social identity theory is that its application is restricted in the sense that it has very low ecological validity. Another weakness is that SIT favors situational factors rather than dispositional is not supported by evidence. The social Identity theory can be used to how to explain how we form our social and personal identities in the terms of in and out groups. SIT can also be used to explain why there is conflict between humans and different societies.
In all aspects of their lives we associate with various groups, for example demographic, cultural or peer groups. Social Identity theory developed by Henri Tajfel in 1979 explains how people develop a sense of belonging and membership in particular groups. This theory explains behaviors in terms of social groups, we form social groups and create perceptions of others and ourselves that are influenced by the various groups to which we belong. A social group is a set of individuals who hold a common social identification or view themselves as members of the same social category (Chen & Li, 2009). Individuals can have multiple, co-occurring identities which could vary. This paper aims to explain how the Social Identity theory is used to explain violence and prejudice behavior and it also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of this theory compared to other theories in explaining the same behavior.
Another term that is commonly used in the Communication Studies is the “identity” which defines an individual. According to Simon (2004), identity is a position in a society. Persons can have several identities of belonging in larger groups (nationality, social class, profession, political beliefs, religion etc.) or in more exclusive groups (e.g. members in a club). In the social science (Ntampoudi, 2014), there are two different theories, the Social Identity Theory (SIT) and the Social Representations Theory (SRT). The first examines how the psychology affects the sense of having an identity, while the second theory focuses on the way that people imply this sense in a societal level.
Today people are forced to adapt to the dynamic and constantly changing every day life; thus, identity is becoming an important factor in how they live and with whom they associate. The importance of forming of identity pointed by Samovar,
...nterest in the subject as a hidden part of human existence. The double mechanism of distancing one’s self and the desire to personally experience something, serves to formulate the ways in which we view our sexuality. Through the creation of this binary relationship, we as a society, have been taught that there are parts of ourselves which are off limits in normal discussion. To go past those lines is to travel in realms which hint of "perversion" or of experiencing an "alternate lifestyle". This societal creation tells us that some parts of our personality are ones which we should not explore, though we might be driven to. It is because of those drives, which exist in all of us, that we are forced to come to terms with ourselves, and what it means to be a part of our society.
Sexuality gained a connection to the truth. This results into the idea that sexuality is a part of identity and a key aspect in understating who we are individual. And all of this is only possible due to the discourse of sexuality, which is determined by social culture and time. However, the idea that sexuality objectively defines who you are is false, because the idea where this is based on, the “repressive hypothesis” also is
In order to understand contemporary society, we must understand sexuality. Since the early 1970s, sexuality and sexual knowledge have been new topics of academic research and are now included in academic study, like gender. Many theorists began by looking for the biological roots of sexual variations which in turn gave rise to a host of distinctions such as bisexuality, fetishism and transvestism (Weeks et at 2003 p2). Also, an increase in Western sexual science produced even more new sexual categories and orientations including pansexual, asexual and sapiosexual. In the past, sexuality was a hidden feature of society; it was difficult to research because there was little information or cases to study available. Individuals were unlikely to speak of their sexuality if they were not heterosexual because it was seen as deviant and unnatural. In terms of the social construction of sexuality, Gagnon and Simon’s (2003 p5) ideas rethink the significance of the sexual in society. They argue that sexuality might be socially malleable. This suggests sexuality is shaped within culture and meanings are created from socio-sexual scripts. Gagnon and Simon describe three types of scripting which are the cultural/historical, the social/interactive and the personal/intra-psychic. These scripts demonstrate how sexualities can be understood as less biological and more cultural, historical and social. Because scripts vary in any particular culture and change throughout history, as does sexuality. An emphasis on society shaping sexuality rather than sexuality shaping society gives rise to ideas of the making and construction of sexualities. By arguing that sexuality is linked directly to society, it is assumed that relations of power and differentiated traditions have strong influence and that complex social forces are highly significant. Non-western societies regard heterosexuality as an ideal trait however accept that homosexual