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The status of women in medieval England
The status of women in medieval England
The status of women in medieval England
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Whilst contemporaries praise the monarchy in terms of likeness, renaissance portraiture was more than just a record of features. It can be argued that the depiction of wealth, symbols of power and badges of descent are not art for art’s sake; but rather art for the sake of power and dynasty. However, this scrutiny to present dynasty is often somewhat inappropriate and impossible, best recognised in depicting the two year old Edward VI as a symbol of sexual fluidity. Both the Tudor and Stuart courts used their dynastical brand to improve their individual image but this does somewhat dilute the importance of a collective representation. Nowhere is this more discernible than in the Tudor court image of Elizabeth where she rejects the appearance of fruitfulness in celebration for her celibate monarchical identity. However, her image remains as one of the most successfully recognised with the modern day populace. Therefore it should be considered that although dynasty is represented in the Tudor and Stuart Court’s, the importance of this representation is not always the forefront of success. The multifaceted reality of both houses imagery is that they are always reliant on the success and memory of the previous reign. Although in retrospect a more harmonious dynastic rule with the Stuart monarchs is present, their imagery is often under great contestation. Therefore it is questionable whether the importance of dynasty acted favourably to both court’s or was disrupted with the complicity of socio-political factors.
Although Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty; the real focus of instigating dynastic representation is with Henry VIII. Kevin Sharpe follows this by stating despite creating one of the greatest historical monarchs - Henr...
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...sh Library Journal, 8: 1-16.
• Smith, David. 2005. ‘Portrait and Counter-Portrait in Holbein’s ‘The Family of Sir Thomas More’. The Art Bulletin, 87: 484-506.
• Ferguson, Margaret., Quilligan, Maureen., and Vickers, Nancy. 1986. Rewriting the Renaissance : the discourses of sexual difference in early modern Europe, (Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press).
• Margaret, Aston. 1995. The King’s Bedpost: Reformation and iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
• Smuts, Malcoil. (1996).The Stuart court and Europe: essays in politics and political culture, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
• Montrose, Louis. 2006. ‘Elizabeth through the Looking Glass: Picturing the Queens Two Bodies’ in The Body of the Queen: Gender and Rule in the Courtly World, 1500-2000, edited by Schulte, Regina. (New York, Bergahn Books) : 61-87.
Velazauez’s 1650 portrait of Juan de Pareja and Peale’s 1782 portrait of George Washington differ greatly in their places and times of origin, as well as the historical contexts in which they were painted. Their color palates and compositions appear as polar opposites to each other, and their subject matters are entirely dissimilar. Despite these apparent contrasts between the two works, they both preserve the likeness and honor the characters of their respective subjects. The comparison of these works illuminates how although both structure and context may vary significantly from portrait to portrait, there are characteristics inherent to many if not all portraits that remain unaltered even when in seemingly disparate contexts.
When Henry VIII ascended to the throne in 1509, he became yet another English monarch without absolute power over his realm. Despite not having the same authority as his contemporary European monarchs, Henry was the recipient of two very important prerequisites for a successful reign. The first was a full treasury and the second was a peaceful transfer of power, which had been anything but certain in England since the War of the Roses. At first he was content to enjoy the fruits of his father’s labor, but ultimately he sought glory in his own name. Henry plunged into needless conflict in Europe, eliminated anyone who opposed him, and became so obsessed with securing a male heir that he engineered a split with the Catholic Church. It was this adventurous spirit that would lead to a decline in both of his key inheritances. Henry VIII may not have been an absolute monarch in the sense that his contemporaries were, but he often acted in a manner that resembled a supreme sovereign. Consequently, his reign seems to have been focused on his own ambitions instead of his subjects’ welfare.
King Henry V is arguably one of the most widely known English monarchs in the history of the country, however this knowledge often comes from only one source, the works of William Shakespeare, namely, King Henry IV (part 1 and part 2) or the more famous King Henry V. With public knowledge of King Henry V coming often solely from this one source, it is important to look at Shakespeare’s perspective and the social and political climate in which he worked.
Described by Briscoe (2000), Elizabeth I is considered to be one of the country’s most successful and popular monarchs. Unlike the reign of her sister Mary, which was by and large disastrous, Elizabeth made herself a powerful image of female authority ‘through the embellishment and through concrete policies that she urged her nation to follow’ (Jagger (1995)). Her policies could be attributed to the rigorous education she received as a child, which included history, languages, moral philosophy, theology and rhetoric. Her tutor Roger Ascham believed her mind to have no ‘womanly weaknesses, and her perseverance and memory to be equal to that of a man’ (Jagger (1995)). As an adult however, although very intelligent, ruthless and calculating at times, she was also renowned for her indecisive nature. This was due to the fact that ‘she sought peace above all other objects’ (Johnson (1974) p2): a trait, which many historians believe to have come from her father.
Over the years, the question of ‘What makes a good monarch?’ has arose. There are certain standards that Kings and Queens are held to and many have fallen short in these departments, one being King Richard III. However, there are a few that have exceeded the expectations, followed the standards, and ruled with dignity and honor. King Edward III and his brother-in-law, King Harold II, are two examples of worthy monarchs. The traits that make them so noble and distinguished are their legitimacy, fairness, leadership, protection of the realm, advances of the realm, and their perspective.
Upon the death of her sister--in November of 1558--Elizabeth ascended to the thrown of England. Until Mary’s rule, no woman--apart from the unrecognized rule of Matilda, daughter of Henry I--had ruled England of her own right1. Much like her sister, Elizabeth began her rule widely accepted and welcomed2. There were, however, still many who felt that women were unable to rule, being that women were said to be the weaker sex. John Knox argued that, “God by the order of his creation hath spoiled women of authority and dominion, [and] also that man hath seen, proved and pronounced just causes why that it so should be.”3 Women had always been no more then property, first to their fathers and then their husbands. If a women were to be the anointed queen of a realm of her own right and then marry, whom was beholden to whom? A woman was to do as instructed by her husband in all things, yet a sovereign was to be under the command of God only.
Gender was the leading cause of distress in the 1500’s: King Henry VIII wanted nothing more than to have a son, yet was “cursed” with the legacy of a sickly son, whom died before the age of 18 and two daughters, one of whom broke every convention of her gender. Queen Elizabeth I never married nor had children, yet can be considered one of England’s most successful monarchs. By choosing King James VI of Scotland as her heir, unbeknownst to her, she created the line that leads to the modern Queen of England, Elizabeth II. The question posed is then, how did Elizabeth I’s gender affect her rule?
By the time Elizabeth was ten years old, Henry her father had married and divorced three wives in succession. The last wife, Catherine Parr, persuaded him to reinstate Elizabeth’s right as an heir and bring her back to Court. Here, she can shared her younger half-brother’s tutors and received a outstanding education. Now Elizabeth had motivation to be more determined about her future. Sadly, she also had reason to dwell on the prior execution of her third stepmother, K...
“When I received this [Coronation] ring I solemnly bound myself in marriage to the realm, and it will be quite sufficient for the memorial of my name and for my glory, if, when I die, an inscription be engraved on a marble tomb, saying, “Here lieth Elizabeth, which reigned a virgin, and died a virgin.”” Unfortunately these words had become spasmodically through her reign as Queen. Queen Elizabeth was in a constant battle with Parliament for her to marry and leave an heir to the throne. She never married and did indeed die a virgin. Queen Elizabeth was often depicted in many paintings as a virgin and being of purity, of being of royalty, of strong political mind and striving for peace amongst her kingdom. The depiction of the Queen’s purity and her strive for peace amongst her kingdom, while battling the parliament on not having an heir to the throne and other political obstacles that she was faced with can be symbolized in the painting the “Ermine Portrait”.
Davies, Penelope J.E, et al. Janson’s History of Art Eighth Edition Volume 1. Upper Saddle River: Laurence King Publishing ltd, London. 2011. Print.
Queen Elizabeth is known as one of the most brilliant and powerful rulers of England. It is from numerous written accounts of her coming to power and being a ruler, as well as the pictures of her in her reign that allows for there to be a compelling visual of a strong leader to be placed in one’s mind when reflecting on Queen Elizabeth. As a result of being exposed to these documents and pictures anyone can see Elizabeth as a strong ruler. However, this strong visualization is not by chance, it is instead the manipulation of the art and articles to specifically communicate that Elizabeth, while being both a female and a protestant, is nonetheless a worthy ruler favored by God. With the proper use of symbolism and the knowledge of how to positively
Greaves, Richard L. “Tudor, House of.” World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web. 6 Feb.
Queen Elizabeth I was a legend in her lifetime. In terms of her personality, she was resourceful, determined, and exceedingly intelligent. The most important questions that we want to know about Elizabeth I and her rule are; Why has this monarch, known in her time as the Virgin Queen and Good Queen Bess, caught the public’s attention so persistently? Was her reign really a golden age?
During the Elizabethan Era, male dominance and masculinity ruled the society. Females where expected to conform and accept male power, without expressing dissatisfaction with such authority. Failure to do so would often result in harsh punishment for the female. For men, their family existence was one of authority and control, men were expected to provide for their families and make all decisions concerning the interests of their wives and children. Females were solely dependent on their husbands for support while single females relied on their families for suppo...
Queen Elizabeth’s reign is what sparked the era. Growing up as a member of the royal family, she received special tutoring. As the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she also grew up in difficult and complex circumstances. When Elizabeth was only two-years-old, her mother, Anne, was beheaded by her husband based on uncertain charges of adultery and conspiracy. After Anne’s death, Elizabeth and her half sister Mary