Nobody can pinpoint the exact moment in history (such as the date) when trebuchets were first invented but we do know that they become popular and started to be used more often around the 20th century. The origin of the actual word itself comes from old French and has a literal meaning of “to throw over”, whereas the object itself is believed to have been invented in China during 300 B.C. Typically a Trebuchet was super difficult and complex to build and needed to have a lever and a sling in order to be built. The steps to build a trebuchet included:
Having a ginormous force applied to the shorter end of the arm, while the load is on the longer end of the arm, and the point that the lever rests on is in the middle (the trebuchet arm could
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measure up to 60 feet in length) Heavy lead weights or a pivoting ballast box (filled with sand or stones) were set on the short end of the trebuchet arm A missile, was placed in a leather pouch that was attached to the long end When the arm was released, the force created by the falling weight propelled the long end upward and caused the missile to be flung in the air towards the target Anything the was thrown at a target from a trebuchet was deadly and could bring great harm to anyone that missiles were thrown at.
Whenever people think of a trebuchet or any catapult for that matter, they typically think of stones being launched from them, but that isn’t completely true. Stones may have been thrown from them but other items such as darts, balls of fire, super hot tar, burning sand which got inside of the target's armor and caused severe injuries, pots of Greek fire, dung (AKA poop), dead or injured bodies, body parts, dead animals, or anything that was rotting. Trebuchets were great for having objects thrown and launched at enemies that you had a lot of distance from and they got a lot of momentum on the objects that were thrown from it (if built correctly). While it might have a few perks to it, it also consisted of a lot of cons. It was a very complex machine and therefore required a person with designing and building skills to put one together and build it. It was also very difficult to transport it from battle to battle, and when you did finally get the trebuchet relocated, you had to find a super strong person to load the machine as well as launch objects from the machine while having to dodge missiles, bows, arrows, etc. being launched at them because they were under attack. During battles, if the enemy got brave they would come over to attack and would burn the whole trebuchet down to the ground and you’d basically be defenseless aside from a few
bows and arrows and what not.
Boomilevers are most commonly built as right triangles, in order for them to withstand the most force. Naturally, this creates a hypotenuse, and also helps to define the device. If the tension member is the hypotenuse, then the device is known as a “tension boomilever.” In contrast, if the compression member is the hypotenuse, then it is known as a “compression boomilever.” When the testing of the boomilever begins, a weight is placed on the side farthest away from the base, or the distal end.
Question 5: “Texts construct characters who represent the best qualities in human nature, as well as those who represent the worst.” Discuss how at least ONE character is constructed in a text you have read or viewed. (Sem 2, 2016)
When performing manual muscle testing for shoulder flexion and abduction, PTA’s typically place their hand at the wrist verses the mid-extremity because placing their hands at the wrist increases the length of the lever thus testing the muscles ability to resist externally applied force overtime and across the bone-joint lever arm system. Shorter lever arms will provide higher testing scores when compared to using longer lever arms, thus changing the point of force application affects the length of the lever arm and therefore the muscle torque.
First the energy of conservation. The setting of the trebuchet before firing is shown in Fig 1. A heavy counterweight of mass (M) (contained in a large bucket) on the end of the short arm of a sturdy beam was raised to some height while a smaller mass (m) (the projectile), was positioned on the end of the longer arm near or on the ground. In practice the projectile was usually placed in a leather sling attached to the end of the longer arm. However for simplicity, we shall ignore the sling and compensate for this omission by increasing the assumed length of the beam on the projectile’s side. The counterweight was then allowed to fall so that the longer arm swung upward, the sling following, and the projectile was ultimately thrown from its container at some point near the top of the arc. The far end of the sling was attached to the arm by a rope in such a way that the release occurred at a launching angle near the optimum value ( most likely by repeated trials) for the launch height. The launching position is shown in fig.2 where we have assumed that the projectile is released at the moment the entire beam is vertical. In the figures: (a)=height of the pivot, (b)= length of the short arm, (c)= length of the long arm, while (v) and (V) are the velocities of (m) and (M), respectively, at the moment of launching.
The earliest model was the trebuchet. It started by using a large weight on one end of a pivoting arm. The arm was pulled back the missile was placed and then let go. The weight went down, the arm went, and the missile launched. The later model gained its power from a tightly wound skein of rope, hair, and skin. the skeins were twisted incredibly tight and then had a wooden arm up to sixty feet long placed in between them. The arm was pulled back using pulleys and rope, the missile was placed in the wood cup and then the arm was released. The arm sprang to a 90 degree angle where it was stopped by a large padded piece of wood. The arm was then brought back down and fired again.
A connecting rod subjected to an axial load F may buckle with x-axis as neutral axis in the plane of motion of the connecting rod, {or} y-axis is a neutral axis. The connecting rod is considered like both ends hinged for buckling about x axis and both ends fixed for buckling about y-axis. A connecting rod should be equally strong in buckling about either axis [8].
According to Chevedden et al., (2002) the Latin word for trebuchet was “ingenium” and those who designed, made and used them were called inginators. These early engineers kept modifying the trebuchet to increase the range and impact force. One of the improvements engineers made was varying the length of the sling ropes so the shot left the machine at a ? angle of 45 degrees to the vertical (shown in the figure above), which produces the longest trajectory (Chevedden et al.,
Trebuchets earned a reputation for being much more accurate and precise than their onager and catapult counterparts. Not only was this accuracy a benefit, but being based on rotational motion and leverage rather than torsion (spring power) and lacking in a throwing arm stop, the trebuchet proved a much safer alternative for the personnel operating it. Onagers and Mangonels would literally explode on occasion when the torsion proved too great or a crack developed in the throwing arm due to the rapid stops it experienced.
Crossbows are a highly effective weapon for hunting and war even in today's standards. The first records of crossbows are from China in the 6th century BC. The knowledge then spreads slowly to the west into Europe during the time of the Roman Empire, the greatest empire of all times. The crossbow remained the favored weapon of war and hunting in Rome until the 15th century when gunpowder was also introduced from China.
...e went into motion. Possible projectiles of the trebuchet were living prisoners, jugs of Greek fire, rocks, and animals. Another large weapon of siege was used primarily in storms, the battering ram. In its early stages, the ram was no more than a hefty beam with a mass of metal attached to the end. Men would hoist the cumbersome boom onto their shoulders and run into a wall or door as many times as needed until the surface under attack gave way. In the Middle Ages, it was developed into more of a machine, for the ram hung from the center of a tent under which the men operating the ram could hide. The ram could be swung like a pendulum much more easily than having to constantly run back and forth. Also, castle guards often poured hot oil or other things onto the ram and its engineers. The tent, which was on wheels, protected the men and the battering ram as well.
What is a trebuchet? The question isn’t a common one, especially in today’s day-and-age due to the fact a trebuchet in the simplest of terms was a weapon used in medieval times. Many could compare it to a catapult , but the trebuchet can shoot a projectile a further distance and is far more accurate. Although the trebuchet is most commonly associated and used during the medieval times, the trebuchet’s original and most archetypical uses can be traced back to the fourth century B.C in China. China created the original trebuchet “to help with military strength and strategy” (Marsden, 2013, para. 2). Although China originated the trebuchet, it soon was adopted in other countries and made its way to Europe around five-hundred A.D. where it was mainly used by the French. This weapon was changing to become bigger, better ,and stronger constantly. For example, the archetype of the trebuchet had a group of pulling men that pulled a rope which fired the projectile. This later changed to a counterweight . Although the design of the trebuchet was changing on a constant basis, even the original itself was well-advanced for the time, pushing technology a step further. This new technology held great potential and was
Even though all trebuchets were similar in design, they were all made up of different materials. Heavy lead weights or a pivoting ballast box were the counter weights on many of the medieval trebuchets. They would also use leather pouches as the sack and then build the frame and arm out of wood/trees. During the medieval times, countries new that building walls would slow down enemy troops. The only issues with this are that they would not be able to defend against the trebuchets that are throwing one ton stones. The trebuchets were able to lock in on accuracy by judging how far their max throw is and would then move it depending on need for more or less distance. The way the modern trebuchet is being used today is mostly for teaching purposes. Colleges have been using this to help students think outside the box and create new trebuchets that can throw huge missiles like a car. We have seen many new ideas and ways to make a modern trebuchet, but all of these trebuchets are based on a single blueprint that was made over 900 years ago. In conclusion, trebuchets can be dated back to the 12th century where they were used for military strategies to throw heavy
The trebuchet is used with a long wooden arm refreshed on a hinge point, which acted as a big level. A bullet was placed on one end and soldiers in this earlier form of the trebuchet pushed on slings devoted to the other end to fundamentals swing the arm around and throw the
The crossbow was invented in Ancient China during the Zhou dynasty, around the year 700 BC. A Chinese text, from about 200 BC, gives credit to a Mr. Ch'in of Ch'u for inventing the crossbow. It consisted of a horizontally mounted bow, with a stock and trigger mechanism added. The crossbow is derived from the horizontally mounted bow-trap used by other civilizations around the same time. They had a range of up to 650 feet. The crossbow had a firing mechanism, which was so complicated that it would have been nearly impossible for an enemy to understand how it worked, thus reducing the chance that the crossbow could be copied by hostile civilizations.
A weapon, according to the Oxford Dictionary, is defined as “a thing designed or used to inflict bodily harm or physical damage”. Due to the fact that humans have always fought and killed each other, it is hard to determine an exact time in which weapons were first used, but according to ancient cave paintings dating back from 10,000 to 5,000 BC weapons such as bows were used. Over centuries weapons steadily advanced until the 16th century when guns were invented. In the beginning of the 19th century, a man by the name of Sir William Congreve engineered the first rocket used in warfare. The rocket was not a very good one, it lacked accuracy, but because of a need to have the best and most powerful weapon, improvements and other designs were created which lead to the first super weapons being built.