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Dealing with obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD) has been in existence for many years. Debilitating it’s sufferers from partaking in activities they may enjoy because of both the sufferers obsessions and compulsions causing them to feel somewhat outcast from their fellow members of society. In this essay symptoms of OCD will be outlined; also the most empirically researched method of treatment Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), along with the process involved in treating a patient with this kind of therapy. The mistakes made by practitioners in the implementation of this treatment will be addressed. Also, pharmacotherapy will be briefly analysed as a means of improving efficacy. It will be concluded that Exposure Response Prevention treatment in adults is proven to be the more effective method of treatment according to empirical research despite some of the minor pitfalls. For a person to be diagnosed with OCD, they need to have both an obsession and a compulsion. An obsession is best defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges or images that are experienced during the disturbance as intrusive and unwanted. While compulsions are defined by: repetitive behaviours such as hand washing, ordering, checking in which the person feels they feel strongly compelled to perform in response to their obsession The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The most empirically sound method of treatment is called Exposure response prevention (Himle & Franklin, 2009). This will be the psychological method of treatment discussed. Victor Meyer was the first to be credited with performing a study pertaining to the effects of ERP on OCD. He persuaded hospitalized patients to fa... ... middle of paper ... ...ary form of pharmacotheraphy should definitely be considered. In summary, according to empirical evidence Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) treatment is to be the most effective form of psychological treatment. If the practitioner correctly undertakes the correct steps in implementing this treatment to the patient; the severity will read lower on the golden standard of OCD treatments- the Y-Bocs scale, which according to empirical evidence, to be t the most accurate form of measuring the severity of the disorder in the hopes of neutralizing the symptoms of this socially debilitating condition. It is therefore recommended for optimal treatment efficacy, that any sufferer partake in ERP treatment or consider pharmacotherapy with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors to assist in the neutralization of this socially debilitating disorder.
Conceição do Rosario-Campos, M., Leckman, J. F., Mercadante, M. T., Shavitt, R. G., Prado, H. S., Sada, P., Zamignani, D. & Miguel, E. C. (2001). Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1899-1903.
Effects of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions. Journal of ECT, 19(3), 151-157. Weiner R. D., & Krystal, A.D. (February 1994). The present use of electroconvulsive therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 273-281.
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) - is characterized by persistent, uncontrollable and unwanted feelings or thoughts (obsessions) and routines or rituals (compulsions) in which individuals engage to try to prevent or rid themselves of these thoughts. In example of common compulsions include washing hands or cleaning repeatedly for fear of germs.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been classified as a type of anxiety disorder under DSM-5, in which there is a presence of obsessions, compulsions or both. Obsessions are defined as “intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate,” while compulsion are the thought or actions that accompany these obsessions to try to suppress and provide relief. (TEXTBOOK) The obsessions are categorized into four major types, and each is linked with a certain pattern of compulsive behaviors.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a disease that afflicts up to six million Americans, however all its characteristics are yet to be fully understood. Its causes, triggers, attributes, and variations are still unknown although effective medicines exist to treat the symptoms. OCD is a very peculiar disease as Rapoport discusses it comes in many different forms and have different symptoms yet have many similarities. One sure aspect is that it appears, or at least its symptoms do, out of the blue and is triggered either by stressful experiences or, most of the time, just appears out of nowhere. One example is a boy who's father was hard on him for being affected by the worlds "modern ways", the boy at a high school party tries LSD ( a hallucinatory drug), after that thoughts of whether his mind was dangerously affected by the drug. What seemed like completely appropriate worrying and anxiety turned into attacks of anxiety, he couldn't shake the thoughts that something was wrong with his mind. Essentially he had "his mind on his mind" constantly and that haunted his days his thought were as follows: " did the lsd do anything to my mind? The thought never went away ; instead it got more and more complicated. There must be something wrong with my mind if i am spending so much time worrying about it. Is there something wrong with my mind? Was this from the lsd? Will it ever get better?" (The boy who, J. L. Rapoport 125,126) Dr. Rapoport promptly put him on Anafranil (an anti-depressant, used for OCD, not marketed in the U.
Enns, M. W. M., Reiss, J. P. M. M., & Chan, P. M. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6). (Enns, Reiss & Chan, 2010)
Anxiety is a feeling of tension associated with a sense of threat of danger when the source of the danger is not known. In comparison, fear is a feeling of tension that is associated with a known source of danger. I believe it is normal for us to have some mild anxiety present in our daily lives. Everyday that I can think of I have some kind of anxiety though out that day. Anxiety warns us and enables us to get ready for the ‘fight or flight’ response. However, heightened anxiety is emotionally painful. It disrupts a person's daily functioning.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder which causes people to develop an anxiety when certain obsessions or compulsions are not fulfilled. OCD can affect both children and adults with more than half of all adults with OCD stating that they experienced signs as a child. People living with OCD display many obvious signs such as opening and closing a door fifty times because they have to do it “just right”. Others exhibit extreme cleanliness and will wash their hands or take showers as often as they can because they constantly feel dirty. OCD devastates people’s social lives as they are fixated and obsessed with perfection that can take forever to achieve. However people living with OCD are often found to have an above average intelligence and typically excel at school due to their detail oriented mindset, cautious planning and patience. OCD can be caused by many different factors such as genetics or the ever changing world a...
Treatment of a patient with OCD and ID is a clinical challenge” (Singh et al. 883). The. OCD is similar to ID because they are both difficult to treat.
Ruff, R. (2003) A friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 18( 8), 847-864.
One kind of anxiety disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This disease can ruin a person's life because it causes them to have repetitive thoughts and behaviors towards certain things. Life can become very difficult because this way of thinking and acting is very difficult to overcome, especially since the obsessions have no point and are stressful for the person. It begins to interfere with the person's school, work, and/or home.
To begin with, in order for a facility to be successful in treating people with addictions whether it be alcohol, or drugs the facility must have a treatment plan to use and guide both counselors and the client alike to be successful in the program.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a disease that a lot of people suffer with in society especially young adults. While it is not a disease that is deadly, it does affect the victim in every day aspects of their life and can ultimately control their lives. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is defined by the National Institute of Mental Health as, “… a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over”. The thoughts that individuals have when suffering through Obsessive Compulsive Disorder cannot be restrained and really can disturb the individual. Thoughts or actions that people may have can range from worrying about daily occurrences, such as washing their hands, to having thoughts of harming people that are close to them. People tend to have these reoccurring compulsions because they believe by doing them or thinking them, they will either prevent something bad from happening or because it eliminates stress that they have. This disease can last a lifetime and can be very detrimental and disabling to how one lives their lives. Individuals can start to see signs of OCD in either late adolescence or even early adulthood and everyone is susceptible. When it comes to classifying this incurable disease, there is much debate on whether or not it a type of anxiety (Abramowitz, Taylor, & McKay, 2009). It is important to be able to understand this mental disorder since so many people are diagnosed with it. While there are treatments for OCD, there are no cures yet. Treatments could range anywhere from taking prescribed medication to just going to therapy and counseling fo...
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that can make life excruciating. Obsessions and compulsions are not only time consuming, they can cause marked distress, interfere with a person’s usual routine, social functions, occupation and relationships with others. The article classifies obsessions as “recurrent and persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced, at some point during the illness, as intrusive and inappropriate.” This is especially distressful for children who may not always understand the irrational and senseless nature of their obsessions. Also, the article states that compulsions are “repetitive, purposeful behaviors or mental acts that individuals perform to relieve prevent, or undo the anxiety or discomfort created by obsessions or to prevent some dreaded event or situation.”
However, biological studies have shown that “changes in the brain caused by an infection may predispose a person to develop OCD” Another possible caused for OCD is an unbalanced, or low levels of serotonin. (Causes of Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder, p. 365). There are multiple ways to treat OCD, one psychological way is by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). (As stated by Gellatly and Molloy (2014) the goal of CBT is to change or reduce a person’s maladaptive behaviour. The behavioural method may include “testing irrational thoughts and graded exposure to feared situations.” (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy p.6) For example, an OCD individual may try to avoid their obsession, so the psychologist may expose them to their obsession. The Cognitive method is used to alter their maladaptive behaviours to change their way of thinking. The methods could be keeping a diary and writing their inappropriate thoughts, and behaviours when they occur and how often). According to Gellatly and Molloy (2014) an effective CBT for OCD individuals is exposure and response prevention (ERP). The basis of this therapy is to expose them to their fear which is the thoughts and images that produces their anxiety, in other words their obsession, the therapy exposed to them to their obsession gradually, first starting with a situation