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Informed consent in clinical setting cit quiz
Informed consent in clinical setting cit quiz
Ethical considerations according to researchers
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Should people have legal ownership of their own bodily tissues? Or should the information from a person’s bodily tissues be able to be used by all scientists in the name of scientific research? When considering these fundamental questions, I reached a clear answer: tissues should be considered rese once removed from the body or the person has deceased and all research done on the publicly owned tissues should also be public domain. Furthermore, the research done on the matter must be traceable and results be publicized, meaning that no scientist may use the public information for their personal profit. Increasing the bounty of tissue available to scientists will only heighten the amount of research globally.
To begin, the ownership of the tissue should belong to the person until removed from the body with consent or no, which greatly complicates the issue. To illustrate, the instance where Dr. Jones at John Hopkins took samples of Henrietta's cervix tumor to use for cancer research by George Guy was a situation in which should be justified as the best course of action Dr. Jones took (53). Not only did the tissue taken provide the medical world a vital resource for research and study, but also it failed to have any negative effects on the deceased owner, Henrietta Lacks, yet many people found it as questionable. Moreover, the abuse of tissues taken from patients cannot be ignored such as the Moore v. Regents of the University of California Moore sued because he did not want the commercialization of his tissue and his doctor, Golde, did not inform him of the financial potential of his tissue before requesting consent; however, these abuses have demonstrated that the lack of “informed consent” when requesting tissue dona...
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...de the cell because that would be the same as Miley Cyrus owning Billy Ray Cyrus' song copyright when he dies. This would prevent works from entering public domain; therefore, the Lacks family should have no legal right to the profits made by selling HeLa cells.
Ever-presently in the world there are occasions where research goes wrong, cell ownership reflects only selfishness and distrust for scientist, when they should be revered to the point where they would think of money. On the contrary, remarkable operations like the first successful adult human heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard would be complicated by tissue ownership in the instance where the patients are not able to speak, give consent. The issue of tissue ownership is a deep and vexing argument, but I find it that research in the name of humankind is more important than the "property" of one person.
The family first heard that Henrietta’s cells were alive and being sent around the world, twenty-two years after Henrietta’s death. After discovering that Henrietta’s cells were in circulation, the family began to blame John Hopkins for taking Henrietta’s cells without permission and commercializing the cells to make multi-million dollar industry, while her family was living in poverty without health insurance. The John Hopkins Hospital has made various statements stating that the hospital never received funds for the HeLa cells specifying that Gey donated all of his HeLa cells samples to fellow researchers. Therefore, the sole benefactors of the HeLa cells profits are the biotechnology companies, which sell vials of HeLa cells for up to ten thousand
While doctors and scientists were making millions of dollars through HeLa research, Henrietta’s family was living in poverty. Lawrence Lacks, Henrietta’s firstborn child, says, “Hopkins say they gave them cells away, but they made millions! It’s not fair! She’s the most important person in the world and her family living in poverty. If our mother so important to science, why can’t we get health insurance?” (pg.168). Someone who disagrees with this standpoint may argue that scientists had been trying for years to develop the perfect culture medium and had a much more hands on experience with the cells (pg.35), therefore, they should be receiving the earnings from any outcomes the HeLa cells may produce. While the scientists were in fact the brains behind the scientific advances, the family should be acknowledged on behalf of Henrietta Lacks. These successes in science would not have been possible without the origin of the cells: Henrietta Lacks. For some of the family, the primary focus was not even the profit. “Since they gone ahead and taken her cells and they been so important for science, Deborah thought, least they can do is give her credit for it.” (pg. 197). Here, Deborah Lacks, Henrietta’s fourth born child, makes it clear that her primary concern is getting her mother the recognition that she deserves for her
Without them, we would be decades behind because the average person would not find signing away a piece of their body acceptable. Skloot brings up a case where a man sues a scientist for doing research on his removed spleen without his consent. The author states that those in favor of research said it “…would ‘create chaos for reseachers’ and ‘[sound] the death kneel to the university physician-scientist’. They called it ‘a threat to the sharing of tissue for research purposes,’ and worried that patients would block the progress of science by holding out for excessive profits, even with cells that weren’t worth millions…” (203). The concern shown from the quote was that with extensive limitations on research and tight ethical codes, the information found would be inadequate at best. On one hand, you do need to be honest with the patient, but for the cost of so many lives, there needs to be a balance of creating breakthroughs and appeasing those who matter in the situation. In regards to Henrietta, she did sign a document to have any medical procedure done that was deemed necessary by her doctors. With that being said, she did unknowingly give away some of her rights as a
Most people live in capitalist societies where money matters a lot. Essentially, ownership is also of significance since it decides to whom the money goes. In present days, human tissues matter in the scientific field. Rebecca Skloot, author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, shows how Henrietta Lacks’s cells have been used well, and at the same time, how they have been a hot potato in science because of the problem of the ownership. This engages readers to try to answer the question, “Should legal ownership have to be given to people?” For that answer, yes. People should be given the rights to ownership over their tissues for patients to decide if they are willing to donate their tissues or not. Reasons will be explained as follows.
At first glance, the harvesting of cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks ' tumor seemed like no big deal. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks reports many examples of violations of the Lackses’ privacy, such as the retrieval of her cancer cells, and being misinformed about her inability to have children after treatment. After Henrietta’s death, Skloot describes Mary Kubicek being asked to assist with Henrietta’s autopsy to retrieve more cells. Skloot describes Mary’s reaction, “When I saw toenails …I thought, Oh jeez, she’s a real person… it hit me for the first time that those cells we’d been working with all this time and sending all over the world, they came from a live woman. I’d never thought of it that way” (Skloot, 2010, page 91). When Mary is confronted with Henrietta’s humanity, Skloot shows that when doctors and scientists dissociate their work, their human subjects are at the cost. When morals come into play, everything changes and Skloot reinforces
The story about Henrietta Lacks is the evidence that the ethics of medical processes need to be improved. For a long time, many patients have been victims of malpractice. Sometimes, the doctors still can do anything without the agreement from patients. Any medical institution needs to hold the integrity on any consent form that is signed by a patient. To summarize, the story of Henrietta Lacks could be the way to improve the standardization and equality of medical institutions in the future.
Henrietta Lacks was born on August 18, 1920 in Roanoke, Virginia. She stayed with her grandfather who also took care of her other cousins, one in particular whose name is David (Day) Lacks. As Henrietta grew up, she lived with both her Grandpa Tommy and Day and worked on his farm. Considering how Henrietta and Day were together from their childhood, it was no surprise that they started having kids and soon enough got married. As the years continued, Henrietta noticed that she kept feeling like there was a lump in her womb/cervix and discovered that there was a lump in her cervix. Soon enough, Henrietta went to Johns Hopkins Medical Center to get this check and learned that she had cervical cancer. But here is where the problem arises, Henrietta gave full consent for her cancer treatment at Hopkins, but she never gave consent for the extraction and use of her cells. During her first treatment TeLinde, the doctor treating Henrietta, removed 2 sample tissues: one from her tumor and one from healthy cervical tissue, and then proceeded to treat Henrietta, all the while no one knowing that Hopkins had obtained tissue samples from Henrietta without her consent. These samples were later handed to ...
Sometimes people cant help but feel entitled to payment when they make a contribution to a money-making prfit, idea or discovery. The issue is that sometimes, those charities are too small and simple to warrant a reward. Rebecca Skloot’s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks brings up the problem of sharing a incentive, as many members of the Lacks family feel justifiable of a share in the money made from research done on Henrietta’s cancer cells. By writing about the Lacks family and their knowledge with the Hela cells, Skloot’s readers may see eye to eye on the fact that they deserve compensation. Although, when the facts are taken into consideration, it makes sense that the Lacks’ do not receive money for their mothers big contribution to science. A donor is usually needed for scientists to make important assumptions or discoveries through studying donated cells or even tissue. However, the donor is not necessarily deserving of a share of any of the profits that the scientist earns because the persons role in the research is much less signifgant than many belive and the actual r...
Skloot describes how, “When Southam began injecting people with HeLa cells in 1954, there was no formal research oversight in the United States.” (98) Southam’s use of HeLa cells sparked major outrage after headlines reading “PATIENTS INJECTED WITH CELLS NOT TOLD THEY WERE CANCER … SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS CONDEMN ETHICS OF CANCER INJECTION” surfaced. (99) In the end, the Medical Grievance Committee of the Board of Regents found Southam and his fellow researcher, Mandel, guilty of “fraud or deceit and unprofessional conduct in the practice of medicine.” (100) This trial lead to a major change in the policy of the NIH, making it so that proposals for research on human subjects had to be reviewed by independent review boards, ensuring that research done would meet ethical requirements. Henrietta’s cells still inspires important discussion on medical ethics -- as Debra DeBruin, director of the University of Minnesota Center for Bioethics states, “Researchers can take away an awareness of the impact that research can have on people. Rebecca Skloot does a great job of capturing different perspectives on the issues. Hearing a story like Henrietta Lacks’ takes us out of a purely scientific research perspective and
Stem cell research is a heavily debated topic that can stir trouble in even the tightest of Thanksgiving tables. The use cells found in the cells of embryos to replicate dead or dying cells is a truly baffling thought. To many, stem cell research has the potential to be Holy Grail of modern medicine. To many others, it is ultimately an unethical concept regardless of its capabilities. Due to how divided people are on the topic of stem cell research, its legality and acceptance are different everywhere. According to Utilitarianism, stem cell research should be permitted due to the amount of people it can save, however according to the Divine Command of Christianity, the means of collecting said stem cells are immoral and forbidden.
Henrietta Lacks was a poor black women who was misdiagnosed with cervical cancer but died because of adenocarcinoma, which is a cancerous type of tumor that can be found in various parts of the body. Unlike other cells, Henrietta's cells had unique quality of surviving for a long amount of period. This unique quality led to the invention of HeLa cell line. This cell line helped diagnose many diseases that did not have a cure. However, there is an ethical concern with this case. The ethical concern is this case is whether it is ethical for corporations to patent and profit from the development or sale of human genetic material. In this case, I believe it is unethical for corporations to profit from the development or sale of human genetic material
In the mid-1900s, laws regarding medical informed consent were nonexistent. This allowed for Henrietta’s cells to be taken and used without consequence. Mrs. Lacks nor her family had knowledge of the usage of her cells. Even after
Once the Lacks family found out, they were none too happy. They were “angry—angry that Henrietta’s cells were being sold for twenty-five dollars a vial” and their anger was justified. “Hopkins say they gave them cells away,” Lawrence yelled, “but they made millions! It’s not fair! She’s the most important person in the world and her family living in poverty. If our mother so important to science, why can’t we get health insurance?” Henrietta’s family’s lack of compensation is one of the unethical portions of this story. It’s possible, if the Lacks family was given compensation for their loved ones cells, this whole ordeal would be justifiable. But because the Lacks family is not living in a mansion on a hill with a large settlement, this is still up for debate. Henrietta’s family lives in poverty, while there loved one is one of the most important people to have ever lived. This is one of the stronger, pathos driven arguments against the ethics of this
I am very interested in the topic of Organ transplantation. I am interested in biology and the process of surgeries. What intrigues me is the process of saving someone’s life in such a dramatic and complicated process. My dad happens to be a doctor and in his training he cut open a human body to see for himself the autonomy of the body. So being interested in the field of medicine is in my blood. Modern technology helps many people and saves people around the globe. However even with modern technologies that progress mankind, bio medical and ethical dilemmas emerge. And ultimately life falls into the hands of the rabbis, lawmakers and philosophical thinkers.
Experimentations on humans, even though essential for scientific progress, pose many ethical questions where we ask ourselves if we should continue disposing human bodies in the name of medicine. We hold the same old concern about a man’s obsession with knowledge where a discovery for the good of the majority might become a justifiable reason for exploiting one human being for the good of all.