Modern technology is used in everyday life. We rely on it all day, everyday. We also rely on technology to solve our problems or enhance our customs of life. Few people do not take into account the momentary condition of genetic cloning. Genetic Cloning is the process of replicating or copying genes of any organism. With that, there are three classifications of Cloning: DNA Technology (gene cloning), reproductive cloning, and Therapeutic Cloning (the virtual removal of nucleus). These operations would have been an unbelievable and impossible phenomenal in the last centuries. It may have included religious judgment, such as the idea of man working with the devil. However, when films were developed relating to scientific outbreaks in 1900s, …show more content…
the impossible that was once extinct was replicated such as the distinguished film “Jurassic Park”. This film brought alive the theory of genetic cloning, giving both the virtue and disadvantages of DNA replication. Now with the understanding of science, we have turned what was once a theory into reality. But the real question is: Should the federal funding support Cloning? Dating to 1995, both English scientist Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell successfully created the first animal cloning using the Roslin Technique. The Roslin Technique is a procedure used to produce an offspring that is identical to the donor. These scientists used “differentiated cells obtained by a nuclei transfer”, in other words, the removal of DNA from unfertilised eggs and injecting the nuclei, in this case two sheep. After a year, in 1996, Wilmut and Campbell created the first mammal from cells of a matured animal- “Dolly” the Sheep. This generated the scientific breakthrough that would benefit many necessities that are required, and adapting, such as medicine and agriculture. However, with recent technology, the new cloning technology raised moral issues, including the possible use for human cloning. According to the National Institute of Health, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, a government organization from 1996 to 2001, thought Federal funding should not be used to clone Humans. Nine years after, the United States District Court Judge Royce Lamberth said that Embryonic Stem Cell Research (ESCR) policy, which President Obama ruled, violated the “Dickey- Wicker Amendment”. The Dickey -Wicker Amendment is a bill passed by Congress, which prohibits the Department of Health and Human services from using suitable fundings to create human embryos for research but in doing so would result in the destruction of the embryos. In the result, a faction of legislators authorized federal funding for human cloning. There are various reasons for the objection of genetic cloning. Most would say it is against their religious belief or unethical, whereas those in agreement would say it may be used for female infertility or organ donors. So forth, several disputes over the usage of funding towards the research and experiment. There are untold corporations that challenge the mechanism of Genetic Cloning.
One of which that controverts the concept of cloning and, the obverse is its interest groups in favor of its proposal. Interest Groups are organizations who share common interest and conspire to protect and promote its interest by influencing the government. For instance, The National Human Genome Research Institute is a society which analyses, the study and practice of the genetic sequence and materials in an organism. Throughout the years, however, their aspiration began to expand to encompass the studies and understanding of the structure and function of the human …show more content…
genome. The National Human Genome research institution was authorized in 1989 to sustain the position of the NIH in the HGP, otherwise known as the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project was created by the United States Department of Energy to plan and portray the human genome. The human genome plans to determine the entire DNA sequence of the human genome. As for funding, NHGRI contains distinctive programs and projects by utilizing their own Strategic Plan. According to their website, The NHGRI “Strategic Plan” conducts research relevant to five domains: the structure of Genomes, Biology of Genomes, Biology of Disease, Science of Medicine, and effectiveness of Healthcare. With that, they have funded at least 35 projects and programs. According to the NIH, in 1990, congress “established funding for the human genome project to target its completion date for 2005”. In spite of that fact, the estimates suggested the project total would have cost at least $3 billion. However, the project cost was less than expected, about “$2.7 billion in FY 1991” dollars. Withall, the project is being completed more than two years ahead. What was once called Advanced Cell Technologies is presently renamed as Ocata Therapeutics. Ocata therapeutics are currently a biotechnology company focused on the development of the regenerative ophthalmology therapeutics. To rephrase, this establishment examines the anatomy and medicine of the regeneration of vision disease. They, however, primarily focus research on human embryonic stem cells with the succession of cloning calves and endangered oxen. They are the only company in the United States to pursue highly controversial therapeutic human embryo cloning. With that, Ocata Therapeutics move their headquarters to California, where voters passed proposition 71, which provides “3 billion dollars to the institution over the next two years” for stem cell research in the state of California. Although there are various companies is support of Cloning, there are multiple organizations formed against such immoral ideas.
For instance, the Cloning information and the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity. The center for bioethics and human dignity (at Trinity International University) is a Christian bioethics research center, which explores the connection of biomedicine, biotechnology, and “our common humanity”. CBHD fosters a distinctive Christian abstraction of bioethics that is “both academically rigorous and broadly accessible”. As a center of the university, CBHD is supported by grants from other corporations, individuals, and foundations, gifts, donations .
Another opposing reference is Cloning Information, a website dedicated to promoting information, including ethical analysis related to human cloning research. Cloning information is maintained through the collaborative work of both individuals and organizations represented by Americans to Ban Cloning (ABC). Americans to Ban Cloning is an association of concerned Americans and U.S. based organizations that promote a global, comprehensive ban on human cloning. With that, the union agree that cloning technology should be banned
nationally. With all that is presently occurring, most people overlook the circumstances of Genetic Cloning. In 2015, Genetic Cloning was a matter taken to court. In the house of representatives on September 11, 2015, a bill was introduced prohibiting human cloning and was referred to the committee of the Judicial branch. According to the website congress Gov, the bill, from Congress, both lists the potential benefits, but primarily registers the negative aspects of cloning. Congress agreed if it were to continue then it would be through the exact process as sheep clones, and human cloning would potentially be the sources of cells and tissues for possible treatment. Although this may possibly be true, more congressmen believed in the destruction it may have on humanity: it would weaken the significance of “mother” and “father”, it would be “grossly unethical” for children to be revived from laboratory rather than naturally, even those in support of abortion has condemned this notion because of “moral grounds” and the “disrespect to life”. Days after, a new report assembled a case against all forms of human cloning from the Witherspoon Council on Ethics and the Integrity of science. This was a debate regarding cloning children as a moral vision of a family. As stated in “The Public Case against Human Cloning”, a new moral image of a family, as mentioned in a doctrine of reproductive liberty, is an alluring proposal of the liberal society who are known to be permissive. Their definition as an “image” of a family is a free decision of individuals to advance / defend their own interests. This concept brings back to the 1992 Supreme Court case “Planned Parenthood v. Casey”. The 1992 Supreme court case concerned the importance of the decision of abortion. The general synopsis is the requirement of notification to the spouse of the abortion. Because the federal government so far has not yet legislated laws regarding human biotechnologies in the United States, various other states have passed their own laws. In 2015 it was reported that approximately 70 countries banned human cloning. All through the research of cloning, my judgement altered. Previously, I was neutral to the argument, however with all the research I have reviewed, it has come to my attention how precarious human cloning may be. From the last century, genetic cloning was already in the process to the first ever clone, Dolly the sheep. Currently, Industries are most commonly known to use cloning in their product to multiply. I assume scientist are searching for a better and improved technique that would prevent patients to pre-aging. Dolly, the sheep, was a success nevertheless, scientist noticed her lifespan was minimized. Scientist wants to revolutionize the human race with less faults, but in doing so it would eliminate our humanity. Although it stunning to recreate extinct animals, it would eventually cause issues with opposers. The arrangements to cloning humans would be unpredictable to humankind. Scientist would have to sacrifice thousands of people to continue the practice of resurrection. In my opinion, it would not be worth the damage.
Therapeutic cloning is the process whereby parts of a human body are grown independently from a body from STEM cells collected from embryos for the purpose of using these parts to replace dysfunctional ones in living humans. Therapeutic Cloning is an important contemporary issue as the technology required to conduct Therapeutic Cloning is coming, with cloning having been successfully conducted on Dolly the sheep. This process is controversial as in the process of collecting STEM cells from an embryo, the embryo will be killed. Many groups, institutions and religions see this as completely unacceptable, as they see the embryo as a human life. Whereas other groups believe that this is acceptable as they do not believe that the embryo is a human life, as well as the fact that this process will greatly benefit a large number of people. In this essay I will compare the view of Christianity who are against Therapeutic Cloning with Utilitarianism who are in favour of Therapeutic Cloning.
"(261)". We can not undo what has been discovered and we must ensure that all countries involved with cloning form a committee to monitor the uses of this technology to ensure that it is used in the best interest of mankind. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. - "The 'Bishop'" The "Enemies of Promise" The Presence of Others. C Comp. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruskiewicz.
Children grow up watching movies such as Star Wars as well as Gattaca that contain the idea of cloning which usually depicts that society is on the brink of war or something awful is in the midsts but, with todays technology the sci-fi nature of cloning is actually possible. The science of cloning obligates the scientific community to boil the subject down into the basic category of morality pertaining towards cloning both humans as well as animals. While therapeutic cloning does have its moral disagreements towards the use of using the stem cells of humans to medically benefit those with “incomplete” sets of DNA, the benefits of therapeutic cloning outweigh the disagreements indubitably due to the fact that it extends the quality of life for humans.
" An Overview of Stem Cell Research | The Center for Bioethics & Human Dignity."
Stem cell research is a heavily debated topic that can stir trouble in even the tightest of Thanksgiving tables. The use cells found in the cells of embryos to replicate dead or dying cells is a truly baffling thought. To many, stem cell research has the potential to be Holy Grail of modern medicine. To many others, it is ultimately an unethical concept regardless of its capabilities. Due to how divided people are on the topic of stem cell research, its legality and acceptance are different everywhere. According to Utilitarianism, stem cell research should be permitted due to the amount of people it can save, however according to the Divine Command of Christianity, the means of collecting said stem cells are immoral and forbidden.
Long after Shelley wrote her classic masterpiece Frankenstein and Huxley wrote Brave New World, the ethical controversy of cloning conflicts with modern artificial intelligence research. The question that challenges the idea of negative or positive behavior in a replicated machine relies on its similarity to the source of the clone, whether it emulates human behavior or acts as a “superintelligence” with supernatural characteristics void of human error. Humanity will not know the absolute answers concerning behavioral outcome without creating a physical being, an idea portrayed in Shelley’s Frankenstein in which the creation of a monster emulates from his creator’s attempts to generate life. At the time of the novel’s publication, the idea of replicating a soul portrayed a nightmarish theme with little consideration for the potential scientific advancements to facilitate in reality. It lead the genetic idea of manmade intelligence and its ethics emerging from the relativity of space, time, and original life on the planet. The debate of the existing possibility of sentient machines continues to progress, but the consideration of ethical questions such as “Should we create these artificial people?” and “How does this enactment define the soul and mind?” warranted from primitive questions about machine learning within the last century. After the initial proof of possibility for sentient machines, the perfection of cloning will generate “good” behavior at its perfect state several generations from now. The perfect machine portrays the potential for sensible human behaviors including compassion, mentality, empathy, alertness, and love. Humanity of the twenty-first century possesses the knowledge to fantasize the idea of artificial ...
Science is not inherently evil and never will become evil. Though the knowledge gained from science can be used toward producing evil, intended or not, and can be dangerous. The story of Victor Frankenstein shows the irresponsibility possible in the advancement of science and furthers the caution which humanity must take when it attempts to master its environment or itself. The proponents of cloning humans today should remind themselves of the lesson which Victor Frankenstein before they have to deal with the products of their research and learn the hard way.
"Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry." The President's Council on Bioethics Washington, D.C. N.p., July-Aug. 2002. Web.
Many people think the US should reconsider the ban placed by President Clinton, and have it modified to fit the needs of the American public. This includes the research and development of human tissues for the use of replacing organs, specialized cells, and nervous systems. Along with this, there is an implied consensus that the government should tightly regulate these experiments. Most of the people who support this position have some type of involvement with a degenerative disease or ailment that stands to be solved with the promises of genetic cloning.
Cloning humans has recently become a possibility. It is achieved by the production of a group of identical cells or organisms that all derive from a single individual (Grolier 220). It is not known when cloning humans really became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone humans. The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. With these two methods almost at our fingertips, we must ask ourselves two very important questions: Can we do this, and should we? There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. "It is much in the news. The public has been bombarded with newspaper articles, magazine stories, books, television shows, and movies as well as cartoons¡¨, writes Robert McKinnell, the author of Cloning: A Biologist Reports (24). Much of this information in these sources leads the public in the wrong direction and makes them wonder how easy it would be for everyone around them to be cloned. Bizarre ideas about cloning lie in many science fiction books and scare the public with their unbelievable possibilities. David Rorvik wrote a highly controversial book entitled In His Image. In it he describes the story of a wealthy man who decides to clone himself. He is successful in doing this and causes quite an uprise in his community. This book was written in the late seventies and even then, societies reaction to the issues of human cloning was generally a negative one. We face a problem today even greater than the one in this book and it involves the duplication of human beings in a society that has always been known for its diversity. The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George W...
Cloning is defined as the process of asexually producing a group of cells, all genetically identical, from a single ancestor (College Library, 2006).” Cloning should be banned all around the world for many reasons, including the risks to the thing that is being cloned, cloning reduces genetic differences and finally it is not ethical. Almost every clone has mysteriously died even before they are born.
In the article that I chose there are two opposing viewpoints on the issue of “Should Human Cloning Ever Be Permitted?” John A. Robertson is an attorney who argues that there are many potential benefits of cloning and that a ban on privately funded cloning research is unjustified and that this type of research should only be regulated. On the flip side of this issue Attorney and medical ethicist George J. Annas argues that cloning devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness and that a ban should be implemented upon it. Both express valid points and I will critique the articles to better understand their points.
Imagine a world in which a clone is created only for its organs to be transplanted into a sick person’s body. Human cloning has many possible benefits, but it comes with concerns. Over the past few decades, researchers have made several significant discoveries involving the cloning of human cells (ProQuest Staff). These discoveries have led to beneficial medical technologies to help treat disease (Aldridge). The idea of cloning an entire human body could possibly revolutionize the medical world (Aldridge). However, many people are concerned that these advancements would degrade self-worth and dignity (Hyde and Setaro 89). Even though human cloning brings about questions of bioethics, it has the potential to save and recreate the lives of humans and to cure various diseases without the use of medication (Aldridge, Hyde and Setaro).
In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continue the research of cloning (Burley). Recently, in February 2001, CNN conducted a poll that stated, 90% of American adults think that cloning humans is a bad idea (Robinson). Even though the majority of Americans are opposed to human cloning, there are many benefits that will come from the research of it. Advancements in the medical field and in the fertility process will arise from human cloning. These advancements make cloning very beneficial to the human society.
Although genetic engineering seems to be more harmful than helpful, when used correctly, it will help the society prosper. Considering the technology our society has currently developed, genetic engineering is a difficult topic to discuss and confirm. If the researchers confirm this process, it may become easier for the scientists and will help cure the diseases easily. The debate, however, will still be on the rise because of the issue in human morals and ethics.