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Characteristics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Characteristics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Characteristics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
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Instinct Theory of Motivation There are many kinds of motivation that are either intrinsic, which coming from within the organism, or extrinsic, which arise from external elements in the environment. Some intrinsic forms of motivation fall under the umbrella of biological theories of motivation including: instinct, drive-reduction and arousal. Instinct theories of motivation follow the idea that motivation results from behaviors that are unlearned and uniform in expression and universal in a species. The instinct theory of motivation first appeared when psychologist William McDougall outlined the theory; he stated that, “Instinctive behavior was composed of three essential elements: perception, behavior, and emotion” (Cherry 2017). The instinct theory of motivation believes that, “All organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive” (Cherry 2017). The instinct theory of motivation also states that our behavior has direct causality when associated with motivation. Since members of a species tend to be programmed in a similar way, that species’ instinctual motivation is derived from the motivation to survive and when the species acts upon these motivations those are called instincts (Sincero 2017). “Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience” …show more content…
There are many times when this theory can be seen in nature especially in species such as birds when they migrate to a better climate. Although there is much evidence of motivation and behavior being influenced by instinct there are some people who argue the theory and find possible problems within the theory; but, at the end of the day, instincts are hard wired to each organism and are very hard to override these behaviors that help the organism
The first of the three, intrinsic motivation, explains that the individual does something purely out of enjoyment, and that the activity is gratifying in itself. Vallerand and O’Connor (1989) came up with a three part grouping of intrinsic motivation. There is intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, which is doing something for the sensory pleasure it brings, like a person parachuting because they enjoy the sensation of falling through the air. Intrinsic motivation to know relates to doing an activity in order to learn. A person taking an online class to learn more on that field shows off this type of motivation. The last part of intrinsic motivation is to accomplish. This refers to an individual performing an activity for the pleasure of achievement, creating, or to surpass oneself. When a person is focused more on the process of achievement rather than the actual achievements results, they are intrinsically motivated through accomplishment (Vallerand and Grouzet, 2001). Extrinsic motivation is present whenever there some kind of external factors waiting for the individual at the end of the activity. There are four different forms of extrinsic motivation, which are defined by the degree to which the motivation is self-determined (Lapointe and Perreault, 2013). First of the four is integrated regulation, which means an individual joined
do like a habit that can't be changed. An instinct is an inborn tendency to believe in
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective.
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
Behaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning...
The purpose of this academic piece is to critically discuss The Darwinist implication of the evolutionary psychological conception of human nature. Charles Darwin’s “natural selection” will be the main factor discussed as the theory of evolution was developed by him. Evolutionary psychology is the approach on human nature on the basis that human behavior is derived from biological factors and there are psychologists who claim that human behavior is not something one is born with but rather it is learned. According to Downes, S. M. (2010 fall edition) “Evolutionary psychology is one of the many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior”. This goes further to implicate that evolutionary psychology is virtually based on the claims of the human being a machine that can be programmed to do certain things and because it can be programmed it has systems in the body that allow such to happen for instance the nervous system which is the connection of the spinal cord and the brain and assists in voluntary and involuntary motor movements.
Classical conditioning emphasises the importance of learning from the environment and supports nurture over nature. However, limiting the source of learning to only environment is a reductionist explanation of behaviour. When complex behavi...
Many theories have been thought of over the years to attempt to explain why people behave the way they do. Many questions were brought up when thinking about that and the social learning theory is a popular theory in explaining this. Nobody really thought of the social learning theory too much until Albert Bandura wrote his idea of it. He actually wrote a book called “Social Learning Theory.” In this book, he states that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning(Saul McLeod).
taught, but these studies prove that genetics are responsible, as altruism is innate. One finding in
The behavioural perspective to psychology’s assumptions are that all behaviours are learnt from the environment. The environment is made up of many aspects such as housing, local amenities, financial stability and education, these factors that influence are known as environmental determinism.
The behaviorist theory is a theory of psychology that emerged in the early twentieth century that was a response to a number of predictions regarding observable behaviors. A majority of the theory concerned itself on the behavior of animals and humans, on the physical, observable behavior, not the unobservable events. Psychologists believe that us as learners start off with a clean slate and our behavior is shaped by the environment we are brought and raised in, therefore, our behavior is formed by positive and negative factors we create while growing in our environment. Our observable behavior is linked to our thinking and our emotions we give off. Psychologists have studied that there is little difference recorded from the thoughts and emotions that take place in a humans mind and from an animals. An individual has no free will and their environment determines the type of the behavior they have. Everyone’s environment they live in is teaching the behavior individuals have. Internally, our behaviors are a result of stimuli. The stimulus causes the reaction and what reaction that wil...
Motivation can come from internal sources (intrinsic), which have psychological and biological variables or from external (extrinsic) sources like incentives and goals (Deckers, 2010). Intrinsic motivation develops in individuals to give them their own personalities and preferences towards specific behaviors, examples include participating in certain activities or sports because you find them enjoyable or doing a Sudoku puzzle because it is a challenge you find fun or interesting. In these examples, an individual’s behavior is motivated by something internal that makes them want to participate in the activity just to do it (Cherry, 2013). Extrinsic motivation is when an individual performs...
These scientist attempted to understand motivation with instincts that are found both in human and in animals. Sometimes instinct can be related to aggressive behaviors. In reality instinct can be related to curiosity, running away, aggressiveness, and gathering possessions proposed by William McDougall in 1908.There are also cases where drive-reduction theory connects to internal physiology and outward behavior causing an organism that has a need, like hunger, to lead into psychological tension that motivates the organism to act, fulfilling the need and reducing tension. Drive-reduction theory also has two drives which are primary drives that involve needs of the body, while acquired (secondary) drives are learned through experience. Homeostasis also includes into the drive-reduction theory which causes the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Also, the need for affiliation (nAff) helps and individual have a friendly social interaction and relationships with others as well as to be thought as something great with
Psychology is the science of behavior. Psychology is not the science of the mind. Behavior can be described and explained without making reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behavior are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind). Behaviorism is a doctrine, or a set of doctrines, about human and nonhuman animal behavior. An important component of many psychological theories in the late nineteenth century were introspection, the study of the mind by analysis of one's own thought processes. It was in reaction to this trend that behaviorism arose, claiming that the causes of behavior need not be sought in the depths of the mind but could be observed in the immediate environment, in stimuli that elicited, reinforced, and punished certain responses. The explanation, in other words, lay in learning, the process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that the scientist began to uncover the actual mechanism of learning, thereby laying the theoretical foundation for behaviorism. The contributions of four particular scientists are Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward Lee Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner.
Mullins (2002) also classifies motivation into Intrinsic and Extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivation involves psychological rewards to enhance job satisfaction, such as the opportunity to use one's ability, a sense of achievement, receiving appreciation and positive recognition or being treated in a considerate manner (Mullins, 2002:P490). Such methods ensure employees are constantly motivated while being engaged in activities that are enjoyable and rewarding.