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Alexander fleming and antibiotics
The Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander fleming and antibiotics
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1928. A scientist conducting research into bacterial growth is mortified to discover that some of his samples have been contaminated with fungi, no doubt due to poor hygiene. He immediately threw away the samples hoping to prevent the contaminant from spreading to his other samples. When he tried to use the lab wear after he had cleaned it, he found that he was unable to cultivate any bacterial samples in it.
The scientist, Alexander Fleming, had just discovered and destroyed the world’s first anti biotic, penicillin. When he was disposing of the mouldy samples, he had no idea what he was doing. When he learnt of what he had done, he was very distressed. Fortunately, he was able to recover enough of the disposed samples that he was able to cultivate more penicillin, without which none of us would probably be here today.
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The Factor of War in the Development of Penicillin The discovery, development and subsequent use of penicillin can be considered to be one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. There were many factors, which were involved in the development of penicillin, and it could be argued that war was the most important, but other factors were also responsible. Alexander Fleming was working in London as a bacteriologist in 1928 when he noticed that a growth of a mould called penicillin produced a substance that actually killed the germs he was working on. He realised that this might be very important and a year later he wrote an article about his findings. However, Fleming did not have the facilities or the support to develop and test his idea that penicillin could fight infection, and he didn't develop it further.
Penicillin, derived from the mold Penicillium, is the first antibiotic to successfully treat bacterial infections on humans. It was accidentally discovered by scientist, Alexander Fleming. While Fleming was growing Staphylococcus, a serious and often deadly infection, in a dish, he noticed the bacteria had stopped growing after a mold found its way
Although the net neutrality debate didn’t come into the spot light so long ago, it has sparked controversy in the communications world. This concept provides a positive impact to the consumers, competition and network owners/internet service providers. It broadens the aspect of equality, which the open Internet was first based on. The profound effects on the aforementioned players provide a supported purpose to regulate the notion of net neutrality.
But, it is also important to note that all of this could have been avoided if the Federal Communications Commission had the foresight to call broadband providers "common carriers." A common carrier easily falls under Title II of the Communications Act. But, under the decision, any Net Neutrality anti-blocking rules are deemed unlawful. So, the Federal Communications Commission does not have the authority to impose or enforce rules that would give the free market favor against the politically and economically powerful network provider.
...s article “Ma Bell’s Revenge: The battle for Network Neutrality” shows us in a just a few of the hundreds of arguments which have been brought up over the proposal of network neutrality. Network neutrality essentially means that all data gets treated the same by an ISP or service, whether it be an incoming email or a gigantic video file, it’s is based on the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content they view and what applications they choose to use on the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality principle since its earliest days. In other words, net neutrality is about equal access to the Internet in terms of overall speed. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power to control activity online.
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It is funny, penicillin seems like something scientists would have definitely been searching for. After all, penicillin is a treatment for everything from scarlet fever to ear infections. Contrary to popular assumptions, penicillin was found completely on accident! It was discovered when Sir Alexander Fleming noticed that a petri dish had developed a odd shaped mold. He then figured out that something (penicillin) has eaten away at the mold growing in the dish. After penicillin was found during the war, it was used to help prevent and cure infections among the wounded. This was vital in a time when there were so many wounded. Doctors had to fight both the initial injury, and the high risk that these grimy men had of infection. Penicillin was so vital to the safety of the soldiers, that “at least 400 million doses of penicillin were manufactured in 1943 for war use” (Nursing History: The History of WWII Medicine for Schools). This antibiotic is another step forward that still keeps people safe today, many people will use penicillin at least once in their
To start off, Alexander Fleming was never a clean or organized person. His laboratory was always scattered with molds and bacterial cultures. According to “The Discovery of Penicillin: The True Story”, it states that when, “..he returned from his vacation in 1928...he
Discovery and Development of Penicillin. (2014, April 4). Retrieved from American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html
Andrew J. Moyer and Dr. Heatly were able to find a method to mass-produce penicillin and make it available to more people. In the early 1940s, Dr. Moyer and Dr. Heatly succeeded in producing penicillin on a large scale. Their hard work in November 26, 1941, increased, “the yields of penicillin 10 times” (Bellis). Together, Dr. Moyer and Dr. Heatly were able to greatly increase the production speed and volume of penicillin. Because of Moyer and Heatly’s efforts, penicillin became available to all who needed it from young to old, and the prices dropped drastically.
The net neutrality debate has risen once again and taken the country by storm. Supporters of net neutrality - the concept of a completely free and unbiased internet - and the supporters of a regulated, or tiered internet system, that would make people pay for faster internet or faster access to certain services go back and forth constantly. United States Congress and the Federal Communications Commission have differing stances on this issue, along with plenty of American consumers. Governing broadband poses internet service providers with the ability to slow or speed up internet access based on how much people pay for the service. To stop this from happening, net neutrality supporters have made it their mission to attempt to keep a free internet by fighting these restrictions.
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Penicillin was one of the very first antibiotics. It is often referred to as "the miracle drug" because of its effectiveness against many harmful and deadly bacteria. With its discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin has proven to be a major contribution to the medical field. Penicillin is responsible for preventing the spreading of infectious illnesses, and for improving military medicine. It has revolutionized the study of medicine, saved countless of lives, and played a key role as a foundation for the development of other efficient antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin has greatly improved the way doctors were able to treat patients and gave way to a new era of antibiotics.
At this time the world war was raging all over Europe, and soldiers were dying not only at the hands of soldiers but from bacteria that had set into their wounds as well.In the year 1939 ,ten years after Dr.Fleming presented his findings, Dr.Howard Florey and four other colleagues began to do intensive studies on the properties on penicillin, they succeeded in proving their findings, but only one problem stood in the path of the development of the medicine, “Scientists could not produce the quantities of penicillin needed for clinical trials on humans” stumped by how to grow a mold in bountiful quantities like corn is on fields, the British turned to their American allies for a solution.Dr. Howard Florey and his companion Dr. Norman Heatley flew to the U.S with a small package containing a sample of penicillin to begin with, they set to work with American scientists to produce a way of growing this mold in larger quantities, the end product was a complex with deep vats that had air constantly pumped in and out of them filled with a form of non-alcoholic liquor and other
Penicillin is a rare type of mold that kills bacteria. The discovery of penicillin was made by a scientist named Alexander Fleming. Penicillin was actually discovered by accident when Alexander Fleming left his house for vacation and when he came back he found that there was mold on his dishes and he immediately examined the mold. Fleming was credited with the discovery of penicillin, Florey was credited with making it into a medicine, and Morey was credited with the mass production of penicillin. Most of the development of penicillin happened in the 1900’s but the discovery of penicillin was in 1890.