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Methods of experimentation
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Whether one is part of a group – specifically a party – or not, both have important implications. First being a member of a party indicates the relationship between one’s policy preferences and partisanship. Second, deciding not to be a part of group indicates a strong exposition of as to why one chooses to do so. These will be discussed in this paper. There has been a long debate between the relationship of ideological and political preferences and partisanship; whether the former affects the latter or vice versa. Carsey and Layman argued that both cause changes in each other, however, their causal influence depends not only on how individuals attach importance on the issue, but also on their degree of awareness on the partisan differences towards the issue. It is true, and I agree, that …show more content…
The movie, The Wave, is a great example where, with the existence of rules, policies, and ‘knowledge,’ party identification overpowered policy preferences. The students argued that dictatorship is not possible to happen again in Germany – where the movie took place – because they are now too knowledgeable to fall into something like that again. However, during the experiment, where they felt identified with their exclusive group which they called ‘The Wave’ – which turned out to have a life on its own – both their innocence and knowledge led to their traumatic experience. The students’ identification with The Wave, uncontrollably and unknowingly changed their attitudes, behavior, preferences, and the way they view their surroundings. With this, I argue that often, it is the identification of an individual to a party or a group that causes alterations to his ideological and political preferences. Nevertheless, it is common that being identified with and being a member of a party is
Furthermore, he introduces the idea that popular polarization is different from partisan polarization and that sorting has occurred within the parties. Meaning that “those who affiliate with a party… are more likely to affiliate with the ideologically ‘correct’ party than they were [before]” (Fiorina et al. 61). To illustrate the concept of polarization he uses a figure with marble filled urns. These urns depict red blue and gray marbles with r for republican d for democrat and i for independent. When polarization, all gray independent marbles disappear becoming either red or blue.
There are two ways to get rid of the causes of factions, or political parties. The first way of removing these causes is to destroy the liberty essential to their existence. The second way to get rid of the causes is to give everyone the exact same o...
Party is an inevitable feature of the democracy and it is defined as ‘an autonomous group of citizens having the purpose of making nominations and contesting elections in the hope of gaining control over governmental power through the capture of public offices and the organization of the government’ (Caramani, 2011, p.220). Parties are ubiquitous in modern political systems and they perform a number of functions, they are: coordination, contesting elections, recruitment, and representation (Caramani, 2011). Political parties are the product of the parliamentary and electoral game, and party systems reflect the social oppositions that characterize society when parties first appear (Coxall et al., 2011).
Though he is aware that these parties are likely to grow, he advises that “wise people” (Washington, 1796) will discourage it. He cautions that in promoting political parties the danger arises of one party seeking the upper hand and that it ignites animosity at the expense of the public.
In Sinclair’s analysis, voters, political activists, and politicians all play significant roles in creating and enforcing the ideological gap between the two major parties in Congress. This trend of polarization is rooted in the electorate
Partisanship is a natural phenomenon for Human beings; we seek out, long for, and align ourselves with others who share our views. Through these people, we polish our ideas and gain courage from the knowledge that we are not alone in our viewpoint. Factions give breadth, depth, and volume to our individual voice. James Madison, the author of the Federalist #10 underlined the causes of factions, the dangers factions can pose, and solutions to the problem.
In discussing the problems surrounding the issue of factionalism in American society, James Madison concluded in Federalist #10, "The inference to which we are brought is that the causes of cannot be removed and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects." (Federalist Papers 1999, 75) In many ways, the nature of American politics has revolved around this question since our country's birth. What is the relationship between parties and government? Should the party serve as an intermediary between the populace and government, and how should a government respond to disparate ideas espoused by the factions inherent to a free society. This paper will discuss the political evolution that has revolved around this question, examining different "regimes" and how they attempted to reconcile the relationship between power and the corresponding role of the people. Beginning with the Federalists themselves, we will trace this evolution until we reach the contemporary period, where we find a political climate described as "interest-group liberalism." Eventually this paper will seek to determine which has been the most beneficial, and which is ultimately preferable.
There is much debate in the United States whether or not there is polarization between our two dominate political parties. Presidential election results have shown that there is a division between the states; a battle between the Democratic blue states and the Republican red states. And what is striking is that the “colors” of these states do not change. Red stays red, and blue stays blue. Chapter 11 of Fault Lines gives differing views of polarization. James Wilson, a political science professor at Pepperdine University in California, suggests that polarization is indeed relevant in modern society and that it will eventually cause the downfall of America. On the contrast, Morris Fiorina, a political science professor at Stanford University, argues that polarization is nothing but a myth, something that Americans should not be concerned with. John Judis, a senior editor at The New Republic, gives insight on a driving force of polarization; the Tea Party Movement. Through this paper I will highlight the chief factors given by Wilson and Judis which contribute to polarization in the United States, and will consider what factors Fiorina may agree with.
Loweistein, K. (1953). The Role Of Ideologies in Political Change. New York: International Social Science Bulletin.
Today, political parties can be seen throughout everyday life, prevalent in various activities such as watching television, or seeing signs beside the road while driving. These everyday occurrences make the knowledge of political parties commonly known, especially as the two opposing political parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. Republican and Democrats have existed for numerous years, predominantly due to pure tradition, and the comfort of the ideas each party presents. For years, the existence of two political parties has dominated the elections of the president, and lower offices such as mayor, or the House of Representatives. Fundamentally, this tradition continues from the very emergence of political parties during the election of 1796, principally between Federalist John Adams and Anti-federalist Thomas Jefferson. Prior to this election people unanimously conformed to the ideas of one man, George Washington, and therefore did not require the need for political parties.1 However, following his presidency the public was divided with opposing opinions, each arguing the best methods to regulate the country. Ultimately, the emergence of different opinions regarding the future of the United States involving the economy, foreign relations, ‘the masses,’ and the interpretation of the Constitution, led to the two political parties of the 1790s and the critical election of 1800.
... Issues and Inheritance in the Formation of Party Identification. American Journal of Political Science, 970-988. Oakes, P., Alexander, H., & John, T. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality.
However, if we go slightly back in time, Trier had previously attained what could be termed his ‘greatest international success’ with his Golden Heart Trilogy, which comprised of Breaking the Waves, The Idiots and last but not least, Dancer in the Dark. The overriding theme of these three films was the persistence of their ‘golden hearts’ by heroines despite the tragedies that they had to bear. The heroine of each story are casted upon a context of the brutality of the world and society, and ultimately sacrifice herself for the greater good. As mentioned earlier, Bess in Breaking the Waves constantly suffers under patriarchal oppression in the film, from being condemned by her church elders for trying to marry out, to constantly relying on
A summary of the narrative “Lost in the Waves” is about a father who is maed Walt and his twelve year old autistic son named Christopher. Walt and his son, Christopher visited Ponce island in Florida. After they ate they went to the beach and then went into the waters of the atlantic ocean. When they got in the tide took them out about fifty feet in matter of seconds and they didn't think anything suspicious was going on. But, then all of sudden they were two hundred feet away from the shoreline. This is when Walt knew they were in trouble and twenty minutes later they were a mile out. As night falls, with no rescue crew coming, the dad comes to a devastating realization. That he will have to push Christopher off farther away from him. If they
A political party affiliates it’s self with specific views and moral and promises to initiate or support certain legislations to its supporters. When candidates become members of either the Senate or House of Representatives they are morally obliged to uphold these view but are not confined to them.
Political parties are the link between general society and the representative machinery of our government. In order for an effective democracy to be in place, these political parties must be continually operative in the functions that they carry out. They are vehicles in which groups of people as well as individuals work together to secure political power, and to exercise that...