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Historical development of the criminal law
Nature and scope of criminology
History of the criminal justice system
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Recommended: Historical development of the criminal law
Imagine you are in the movie The Purge: you look outside your window and hundreds of crimes are being committed. While looking outside the window, you see your brother dead on the driveway. Panic arises, but there is nothing to be done. The police will not come, there is no forensics team to collect evidence; no one will ever solve his crime. Thankfully, The Purge is just a scary movie; what if it was not? What if crimes were never solved? There would not be order in the world, and everything will be hectic. Thus, that is why the world needs criminology. Criminology, by definition, is the study of crimes and criminals. When crimes were first being solved, there was barely any investigation into them, especially when it comes to the forensics …show more content…
Some of the most prominent criminologists are crime scene investigators, who collect evidence from crime scenes, being that the evidence they find can be key factors in solving a crime. Contrary to a handful of crime shows depict detectives as the main components in solving crimes, crime scene investigators are key players in solving crimes- they collect and analyze evidence, and none of it would be completed without the advances in science and technology over the last hundred years. From the time of its birth in the late 1800’s, criminology has grown into an extremely powerful and unique profession. Criminology was first invented in the late 1800’s by Cesare Lombroso, a.k.a. The Father of Criminology. Lombroso studied at three different universities, where he “tried to relate certain physical characteristics, such as jaw size, to criminal psychopathology” (Sabbatini). He believed that all sociopaths and criminals had certain physical characteristics that resulted …show more content…
Throughout all different types of science, human error will always occur. Although it is worse if there is human error in analyzing evidence than measuring a distance (since investigating can help find a suspect), human error does occur. A scientist can misread information, mix up samples, or even contaminate a piece of evidence. Human error can cause trouble because it is “human contribution that creates weaknesses, that creates the potential for failure” (Dekker). Seeing that these pieces of evidence can determine if someone is guilty of a crime or not, forensic criminologists cannot mess up. A smaller downside to crime scene investigation is the amount of time it can take to process a piece of evidence. If a crime occurs in a small town that does not have their own lab, they need to send all of their evidence to the state lab, or the next closest lab to their town. This process can take weeks, or even months, because there will be a countless number of other pieces of evidence that were brought in to be analyzed. Analyzing a blood sample or a fingerprint is paramount to a case, in that they contain DNA or personal information that can reveal who the victim or the suspect is. The longer a case takes to solve, the less of a chance there is to catch the suspect, so there has to be an alternative to speed up the process of sending evidence to state
In the case of Alois Dolejs the crime control model, was swift and took the criminal off the streets. The police had a lot of circumstantial evidence, for example, bloody cloths and two different types of blood. On the advise of his attorney, he was instructed not to disclose the location of the bodies, until after the trial.
Therefore, the criminal justice system relies on other nonscientific means that are not accepted or clear. Many of forensic methods have implemented in research when looking for evidence, but the methods that are not scientific and have little or anything to do with science. The result of false evidence by other means leads to false testimony by a forensic analyst. Another issue with forensic errors is that it is a challenge to find a defense expert (Giannelli, 2011). Defense experts are required to help the defense attorneys defend and breakdown all of the doubts in the prosecutors scientific findings in criminal cases. Scientific information is integral in a criminal prosecution, and a defense attorney needs to have an expert to assist he/she in discrediting the prosecution (Giannelli,
As you can see there is no perfect crime. The littlest piece of hair or paint or anything left behind can be found. Suspects often miss these tiny peieces of evidence and while they looked over it, it is still lurking at the crim scene. It is guarenteed that a Crime Scene Investigator will find this evidence no matter how small and use it to find, prosecute, and convict a criminal.
Another problem in Crime scene investigation is lost evidence. Often wide spread trampling of evidence in a crime scene can show to be very damaging. Also, implicating practice in a crime scene office can be hurtful if the rules are not regulated. Also, showing examples of detectives showing positive good examples for other officers to follow (Byrd 2).
By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are considered scientists. The theories and practices within the subject help criminologists determine the cause and consequence of criminal behavior; also why criminology is so highly regarded among law enforcement and the legal world.
The three eras that have characterized the field of criminology over the past 100 years are the “Golden Age of Research,” the “Golden Age of Theory,” and an unnamed era that was “’characterized by extensive theory testing of the dominant theories, using largely empirical methods’” (28). The “Golden Age of Research” era spanned from 1900 to 1930 according to John H. Laub. This era is identified as focusing heavily on the collection of data surrounding crime and the criminal. This data was assessed without “any particular ideational framework” (28). The second era, the “Golden Age of Theory,” spanned from 1930 to 1960, also according to Laub. This era is also rather self-explanatory, it is described by the development of theories; however, Laub
Whereas the real picture of forensic evidence is unlike what is represented in movies and television shows where a fingerprint or a trace of hair is found, then it’s game over for the criminal. Reality is not as straightforward. As more people are exposed to the unreal forensic world through television and media the likeliness for a wrong conviction increases with juries assuming the evidence involves more science than what it really does, this is known as the CSI Effect. Further education and training is needed for the people of the court, the forensic specialists, and so called experts. The people in courts do not question any of the ‘professionals’ and just trust in their expertise. The court could overcome this perception by requiring explanation of error rates in a forensic field. To do this, testing examiner error rates will be necessary which means further research. Forensic science has such a large effect on the prosecution of suspects, experts have been known to provide questionable and at times incorrect evidence. When a false conviction occurs the true perpetrator is set free. Once realized, the public doubts the justice system and the reliability of the forensic evidence even more. At this point in time, forensic is an inexact
Imagine pulling into your driveway and seeing your neighbor’s house surrounded by police, flashing lights, and caution tape with bodies covered in white sheet on the lawn. It was a drive by shooting. Next, a van pulls up and a Criminal Investigator steps out and starts assessing the crime scene. She begins taking photos, marking shell casings, packaging evidence, documenting tire treads on the pavement and inspecting and collecting DNA evidence from the bodies. Criminal Investigators are highly trained college graduates that are a vital part of bringing criminals to justice.
89). Important factors were phrenology (shape of the skull) as well as physiognomy (shape of the face) whereas the main idea was that the shape of the skull mirrors the shape of the brain, therefore indicating the mental capability of a person (O’Brien, 2008, p. 10). Lombroso dissected brains, took measurements and discovered the following “stigmata” of criminals: asymmetric brain and face, flat forehead, strong cheekbones, extraordinary small or big ears, abnormal teeth, chinless, wild hair and more fingers or toes (Gibson, 2002, p. 22). In later works, he categorised three classes of criminals: (1) the born criminal, an atavistic devolution of the homo sapiens, (2) the mentally ill criminal, eg. a person who suffers from paranoia, depression, dementia or is addicted to substances; (3) the criminaloid, a seemingly normal person without any special physical feature whose personality makes them a criminal (Gibson, 2002, p. 24). Lombroso’s studies have influenced many other theorists, including Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist in the German empire who developed the degeneration theory, stating that criminals are ill and genetically impaired deviators of the norm and that their genetics are the reason for their criminal behaviour (Brueckner, 2010, p. 106). Scientists and doctors of the Third Reich
As far back as 1832, James Marsh was the first to use forensics at trial to give evidence as a chemist in 1832. Since that time forensic science and evidence has come a long way in various ways and technology to help in determine if the suspect is guilt or not, through such things as DNA testing, blood, and fingerprints. The first forensic police crime lab was created in 1910. The contributions of Dr. Edmond Locard, a French scientist and criminologist, proposed that “everything leaves a trace”. This principle is still valid today as it was so many years ago. No matter how small, the specialized trained technicians and investigators can take these methods and go to a crime scene to get evidence. “Forensic science is the application of sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science and engineering to matters of law.” (Office of Justice, 2017) These different sciences can help achieve and assist in solving a case. Forensic science has also the ability to prove that a crime was committed, it can find the elements of the crime, it can help place the suspect at the scene and whether the suspect had any contact with the victim. However, in the last several years the techniques and with the use of technology the evidence that forensic science uncovers can also exonerate an innocent individual who has been falsely accused of the
By definition criminology is the scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon involving criminals and penal treatment. The origins of criminology are rooted in the 1700s when society believed that crime was a result of supernatural forces. This demonic perspective supported the idea that temptation brought out evil forces in an individual (Cullen & Agnew, 2011, p. 21). Once possessed, a person was lured into sinful behavior. Such beliefs were prevalent and accepted due to the strong connection between the government and religion in implementing rules. In the 1800s, Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso set out to challenge this ideal by proposing two new, radical approaches. Beccaria introduced the classical theory of criminology emphasizing behavior while Lombroso presented his positive school of criminological thought emphasizing science to explain crime. As classical criminologists they based their critiques on their personal speculations as well as the work of other leading figures at the time. Ultimately, classical and positive theories of criminology can be compared and contrasted through their philosophical foundations, assumptions and policy implications. When comparing Beccaria and Lombroso’s theories, their ideas are similar because they reject the demonic perspective and stress alternative explanations. However, both theories are contrastable because Beccaria pursues the behavioral route while Lombroso relies on the scientific aspect to explain crime in society. In essence, both theories help guide the analysis and understanding of crime.
Criminology is defined as the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, results, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on individual and social levels. Criminology is the study of how people act towards each other, and has in effect been studied in one way or another for thousands of years. It has only been compared to other things not very long ago, even though it has been recognized as a scientific control field of study in its own right
After Comte and Darwin developed their theories about the world, they were followed by several criminologists who also believed that science could answer many of the problems that were present in society, particularly in the field of criminology. One of these men was Cesare Lombroso, who was the first to actually focus on criminology as a science (Adler et al 2012). Lombroso believed criminals could be identified because of physical differences between them and non-criminal members of society (Adler et al 2012). In order to recognize these people he created what he called the "atavistic stigmata" which are characteristics exhibited by humans who were less developed (Adler et al 2012:66). Individuals who exhi...
Now, when we take the information that criminologists have researched and studies that have been conducted with criminals, then combine that with people who are trying to prevent crime we can make new methods for deterring crimes. Crime around the world can be prevented or at least in some aspects reduced. The people who try to prevent crimes are police, sheriffs, and many more government agencies.
In contrast to crime science’s concentration on finding the right answers to cease crimes against humanity, criminology emphasizes on the significance of investigating both crimes and criminals independently. If criminology is perceived to interpret crimes, then, criminal science is designated to fix