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Introduction to colonialism
Cultural differences between colonists and natives
Cultural differences between colonists and natives
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Recommended: Introduction to colonialism
Prof. Ashis Nandy is a social theorist and critic, renowned for his use of clinical psychology in critiquing Colonialism, Development, Hindutva, Nuclearism, Cosmopolitanism as well as historically profiling the Indian Cinema and Cricket.
His accolades include the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize (2007), a feature on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll of the Foreign Policy magazine (2008), Senior Honorary Fellowship and Directorship of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (New Delhi), the National Fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research and the Chairpersonship of the Committee for Cultural Choices and Global Futures.
Born in a Bengali Christian family in 1937, Nandy was 10 when the British partitioned British India into India and Pakistan. Living in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Nandy witnessed and experienced the atrocities and the violence of the partition up close and personal. His writings are deeply
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The way British, who initially had a mere intention to develop trade and commerce, developed instruments of domination is explained.
The trajectory of colonisation set by the book states that initially there used to be a mutual respect for each other’s systems and institutions (cultural distinctness) between the British and the natives. It was with the advent of the middle class British and the so called “new generation” of colonizers that colonisation began intervening with the political and cultural aspects of the colonized lives.
This chapter also depicts the defence of acting as a superior/adult to train a recessive race and train them to be as civilised as themselves, used by the British to justify their cultural imposition. The consequence of this imposition was a desire among the Indians to be more like their
To many of the English colonists, any land that was granted to them in a charter by the English Crown was theirs’, with no consideration for the natives that had already owned the land. This belittlement of Indians caused great problems for the English later on, for the natives did not care about what the Crown granted the colonists for it was not theirs’ to grant in the first place. The theory of European superiority over the Native Americans caused for any differences in the way the cultures interacted, as well as amazing social unrest between the two cultures.
Growing up on a reservation where failing was welcomed and even somewhat encouraged, Alexie was pressured to conform to the stereotype and be just another average Indian. Instead, he refused to listen to anyone telling him how to act, and pursued his own interests in reading and writing at a young age. He looks back on his childhood, explaining about himself, “If he'd been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy. But he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply an oddity” (17). Alexie compares the life and treatment of an Indian to life as a more privileged child. This side-by-side comparison furthers his point that
One of the most important aspects of imperialism is the take over of government. The English accomplished this in several ways. Some of the “Unfair Treaties” forced the Chinese to allow the English ships into their ports and to allow them to have a major role in the trade market. The English wanted tea, porcelain, and silk from china. The Chinese however didn’t want to gods the English offered in return. The English began trading opium in return for the goods. Although it was illegal, many of the money hungry merchants excepted the opium in return for the things that were valuable to the English. Because of this, the first Anglo-Chinese war erupted. China underestimated the power of England and was defeated. At the end of the war, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing (1842). The treaty was one of the first treaties known as the “Unfair Treaties.” Under this treaty, china gave up the island of Hong Kong, abolished the licensed monopoly system of trade, granted English nationals exemption from Chinese laws, and agreed to give England whatever trading concessions that were granted to other countries then and later.
The main objective of English imperialism was to spread economic influence, values and laws to different countries. The motivations of imperialism were to create merchant policy that only favors political class of the English imperialism and voters so that they can get reelected. The motivations comprised the willingness to control social class, to control foreign trade, to make money, acquire cheap labor, and dominate over America using political powers. The motivations were also based on the willingness to gain power over nations with a variety of resources (Peter, 2002). Power is authority; therefore English imperialism thought, by gaining power over different nations will make it succeed in
This theory of "natural" inferiority rationalized for many white Americans the stealing of Indian lands. Indians, another “racially inferior” group, were initially viewed as naturally white. They explained they were tan because of exposure to the sun. Many felt that they were good human material, and the problem was not race but culture, that the Indians were primitive but they could be civilized. Whites sought to civilize Indians though English education and Christian religion, turning hunters into farmers and businessmen. They tried to assimilate them into American culture. The "civilization" process and way of life began to be seen as the only way for Indians to live in peace with whites.
She points out how white tourists think that the establishments and systems left behind from colonization are things that the natives should be thankful for. White tourists think that the natives “are not responsible for what you have; you owe them nothing; in fact, you did them a big favour, and you can provide one hundred examples.” (10) Ironically, while they seem to think that the natives should be thankful for certain remnants of colonization, white tourists refuse to take responsibility for the actions of their ancestors that caused former colonies to be in the state they are in now. In thinking that the “West got rich not from the free …and then undervalued labour” (10), but instead through the “ingenuity of small shopkeepers in Sheffield and Yorkshire and Lancashire, or wherever”, white tourists refuse to acknowledge that it was the oppression of these former colonies that led to the growth of their own race whilst attributing to the decline of these colonies. In believing in their own superiority and refusing to acknowledge this, white tourists continue to willingly take part in a system that oppresses natives of formerly colonized islands because they see no wrong in doing
James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print.
Britain was endowed with geographic and political advantages that allowed the country to become the first to unwittingly stumble onto industrialization. Britain was an island, therefore had developed a unique naval strength which subsequently gave Britain leverage when globalization blossomed from expanding maritime trade. Meanwhile, the rest of Europe, including Belgium, trailed behind. Presently, colonized regions still bear the traits and scars from the subjugators of their past. Intensity of Rule: [comparing conquerors].
The rise of Great Britain began in the early 16th century and lasted until the mid-19th Century. There are several key factors in Britain’s rapid growth as an international empire. Britain's development at this time had an important international and military dimension. An empire based on sea power, commerce and naval dominance consolidated British overseas colonization and trade. Three key factors facilitated Britain’s rise to power, the first is warfare, the second is colonization and the third is trade.
In Jamaica Kincaid’s , On Seeing England for the First Time, she presents the audience with the implied idea that imperialism and colonization disrupt a land’s established culture, and has no benefit for the colonized land
The current conception of the “Indian Problem” started after World War II, and the pursuing civil rights movement. People saw that the Indians weren’t going extinct and that they were keeping their cultures alive, and the “Indian Problem” shifted to undoing the damage that the policies of the federal government had caused. I will be discussing the fact that the profound problems which characterize the “Indian Problem” now are a direct result of the actions taken in response to previous conceptions of the “Indian Problem”. The “Indian Problem” emerged as an issue for white settlers who perceived Indians as savages, as a sub-human race. Because white settlers viewed Indians this way, they thought it was okay to use excessive military force.
It is the colonisation of North America that opened ways to the European expansion of their colonies across the world and exercised the different colonial forms that were used to inhabit other regions within their state. North America was a home to many races since the early centuries and has continued to be so. The European model of colonisation was therefore separated depending on the types of races that populated the place during that time. For instance Holloway (1966) observes that the spirits of democracy and equality were defended in some of the English colonies right from the beginning of their colonisation spree around the globe. However, these humane treatments excluded women, African Americans and Native Americans who formed a considerable number of inhabitants in North America during the European colonial days. These exclusions were meant by the European colonialists to facilitate the possibilities of creating the utopian society that they desired to achieve in
While the economic and political damage of the scramble for Africa crippled the continent’s social structure, the mental warfare and system of hierarchy instituted by the Europeans, made the continent more susceptible to division and conquest. The scramble for partition commenced a psychological warfare, as many Africans were now thrust between the cultural barriers of two identities. As a result, institutions for racial inferiority became rooted in the cultural identity of the continent. This paper will expound on the impact of colonialism on the mental psyche of Africans and the employment of the mind as a means to seize control. I will outline how the mental hierarchy inculcated by the Europeans paved the way for their “divide and conquer” tactic, a tool essential for European success. Through evidence from a primary source by Edgar Canisius and the novel, King Leopold’s Ghost, I will show how colonial influences heightened the victimization of Africans through psychological means. I will culminate by showing how Robert Collins fails to provide a holistic account of colonialism, due to his inability to factor in the use of psychological warfare as a means to the end. By dissecting the minds of both the colonizer and the colonized, I hope to illustrate the susceptibility of African minds to European influences and how psychological warfare transformed Africans from survivors to victims during colonialism.
what an alteration there would be if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence.” It quickly becomes apparent that those who were integral to the modern colonization of South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa were not doing so out of the goodness of their hearts. Without delving too deeply into the actual statistics of the good done for these “barbaric” cultures, it may seem as if colonization was a positive occurrence. In all actuality, however, the ulterior motives and imperialistic attitudes of the key players in colonization brought much more harm than gain. The benefits of colonialism were almost entirely one-sided at the unfortunate loss of the other side’s culture, inhabitants, resources and overall way of life.
An overwhelming majority of African nations has reclaimed their independence from their European mother countries. This did not stop the Europeans from leaving a permanent mark on the continent however. European colonialism has shaped modern-day Africa, a considerable amount for the worse, but also some for the better. Including these positive and negative effects, colonialism has also touched much of Africa’s history and culture especially in recent years.