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Gender stereotypes in relationships
Gender stereotypes in relationships
Gender stereotypes in relationships
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At one time or another, almost every adult individual may have wondered if it is possible for a man and woman to be just friends. This is one of those questions that leave one to ponder. However, it may have been simpler for little boys and girls to play together and call each friend in during their early childhood but during their teen and adult years, the idea of maintaining a simple friendship may become somewhat complicated. The reason is because, as the male and female matures, their feature and body image changes, and often times in these situations the male and female begins to look at one another differently and as a result one or both persons may develop some type of attraction toward other.
The Hypothesis of the study
April Bleske and David Buss are two remarkable psychologists who tested evolution based hypotheses involving the question “can men and women be friends”. The two psychologists focus their study on two hypotheses (1) variation in perceptible costs and benefits of friendship with the opposite sex and (2) variation in perceptible benefits of both, same sex and opposite sex friendship. During the preliminary study (N=400), Bleske and Buss (2000) used application methods to determine same sex and opposite sex friendship.
During the process of the study, 100 adult males and 131 adult females assess the frequency of occurrence of (100) costs and benefits in the most secured same-sex and opposite sex relationships. Also in the process of study (2) 92 adult males and 137 adult females evaluated how the cost and benefits would affect each individual if it were to occur in their secured same sex or opposite sex friendship. Based on these hypotheses, one may perceive the characteristics of friendship as costly and be...
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...benefits. The hypothesis of these finding indicated that both males and females have changed the psychological methods that were designed to direct constraint, choice, and dissolution of opposite-sex friendship. However, the question of “can men and women be friends” is a question that can only be answered by individuals involved in an opposite-sex friendship.
In conclusion, this assignment discusses the hypothesis of the study on costs and benefits and it relates to both, same-sex and opposite-sex friendships. It also discusses the methodology of the study and includes methods, procedures, and other key findings. The focus of the study involved evolution based hypotheses involving the question “can men and women be friends”. Again, based on these hypotheses discussed in this paper, one may perceive the characteristics of friendship as costly and beneficial.
The Lack of Male Intimacy As I sit in the auditorium of the school I attend, I listen to the speaker of the day make his fatal mistake. He has done well up until now, relating to us only facts and ideas. Now, he has suffered from a lapse in judgment, and seems to have forgotten his surroundings - an all male audience. He has the audacity to display genuine, vulnerable emotion. I wait for the response I know he will get.
Female friendships are thought of as complicated, confusing and stereotyped as maleficent. Roxanne Gay stated in her book Bad feminist that, “all female friendships must be bitchy, toxic, or competitive.” (47) Her point made in the chapter titled; ‘How to Be Friends with Another Woman’ clarifies and lays out the rules and procedures women must undergo and follow to satisfy society’s basic layout of women’s relationships. Her points stated specify the attitudes, behavior, and expectations of one another to balance and create a stable relationship.
According to Tannen, differences in childhood can impact individual’s communication with each other in relationships. At a young age, children tend to play with other children who are the same gender as them. Both groups of genders have different ways of building a friendship. Tannen says that “Little girls create and maintain friendships by exchanging secrets” (276). It is important for girls to share secrets to get closer to one another and to have a mutual understanding unlike boys whose bonds are “based
Karbo Karen. "Friendship: The Laws of Attraction." Psychology Today 39.6 (2006): 90-95. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Chapter 9 Gendered Close Relationships is about stereotypes for men and women ideas on how to behave in relationships. The expectations for male and female in a relationships have been set by their gender roles. The meaning of personal relationships is where partners depend on each other for various things from affection to material assistance. Partners are expected affection, companionship and energy. The two main models of personal relationships are male deficit model and alternate paths model. Male deficit model suggests male lack skills in developing relationships with others. In alternate paths model, men and women just have different ways to sustain a relationship. It’s not that men lack skills but men show it in a different way.
From a young age, most people have gone through many relationships with other people who were not their family. Thus, we often acknowledge these relationships as friendships. But the word friend is too broad, so people categorize their friends into several types. In her book “Necessary Losses: The Lovers, Illusions, Dependencies and Impossible Expectations That All of Us Have to Give Up in Order to Grow”, Judith Viorst divided friendships into six types. Those are convenience friends, special interest friends, historical friends, crossroad friends, cross-generational friends and close friends.
Barry et al. (2009) surveyed 710 emerging adults, ages 18 to 26, to examine the interrelations of identity development and the achievement of adulthood criteria with the qualities of romantic relationships and friendships during emerging adulthood. In their study, they found that as emerging adults take on adult roles and responsibilities, the quality of their friendships and romantic relationships are affected. Barry et al. argue that “relationships with friends and romantic partners serve distinct functions” during emerging adulthood (p. 220). According to Barry et al., friendships “satisfy social integration needs [such as companionship], feelings of worth, and to a lesser degree, intimacy” whereas “romantic relationships primarily satisfy intimacy needs and provide emotional support” (p. 210). Although both friendships and romantic relationships satisfy intimacy and emotional needs to different degrees, romantic partners fulfill intimacy and emotional needs on a more profound note that may be more suitable and “useful in supporting emerging adults for subsequent development tasks of establishing a marriage, family, and career” (p. 218). Essentially, romantic relationships deeply satisfy intimacy needs and provide emerging adults with the proper emotional support necessary to successfully complete the traditional
As part of human survival instinct, we tend to judge and label other individuals based on their physical appearance and gestures. But to understand one’s identity and interior self, we need to look beyond these physical factors. One of the first things that we assume upon meeting someone for the first time is usually whether they are male or female. However, what we sometimes do not take into consideration is that sex and gender are not the same. Sex is determined by an individual’s biological characteristics. Gender, on the other hand, is acquired and constructed. Sex and gender cannot be separated because both the biological and social factors contribute to making a person who they are. But sex and gender can be distinguished
Friendship expectations play a huge role in “establishing, maintaining, and terminating friendships” thus playing a factor of ones’ interpretations and through their affiliations (West & Turner, 2016). A companionship is dependent on
Biological factors (sex) and gender are correlated, but gender may or may not be caused by biological factors. Cherlin proposes four models of how gender is created: the biosocial model, the socialization model, the interactionist model and the patriarchic model. Only the first model, the “biosocial” model, allows for heredity and biological factors to play a role in determining gender. This model is based on the idea that biologically, men and women are predisposed to act a certain way “on average,” but also, that social factors play a strong role in determining whether biological tendencies prevail. According to this theory, biological differences account for only about a quarter of behavioral gender differences while social influences account for the remaining portion. Socialized traits are stronger than biological traits, and can eliminate biological traits, but biological tendencies are still important because it is a challenge for socialized traits to subdue biological traits. A good example of this is outlined in Ke...
Evolutionary Psychology has been controversial since its rise in the 1990s, with critics and proponents debating its merits as a science. While critics (e.g. David Buller, Elizabeth Lloyd) have extensively criticized the fundamentals of Evolutionary Psychology, few philosophers or scientists have challenged them. Given the growing influence of the evolutionary behavioral sciences within mainstream science like Psychology and Anthropology, it is important analyze the critiques and see if the arguments against Evolutionary Psychology have merit. This paper will focus on two of the most often cited critiques of Evolutionary Psychology: the critique of the concept of the modular model of the mind and the critique of the two “signature achievements” in Evolutionary Psychology, Martin Daly and Margot Wilson’s Cinderella Effect and David Buss’s studies of male-female differences in jealousy. I will describe and respond these critiques of Evolutionary Psychology, making the case that these critiques are not valid and have little merit on scientific basis of Evolutionary Psychology.
Migliaccio (2009) addresses that it is commonly believed men are less trusting and honest in a friendship, but the relationships usually examined are male and female. In male friends, the other feels that it is not just the fact they are men that need to be taken into account, but the impact of gender roles that also play a role. In the study, Migliaccio (2009) examines friendships between men in occupations typical of their gender such as military and nontraditional such as a hairdresser. Being masculine is described as “being stoic, both physically and emotionally” (Migliaccio, 2009, p.228) which impacts friendships. In male friendships, it is also explored that men avoid being perceived as feminine. Another factor, Migliaccio (2009) considers is either a man works with more females rather than males. “In short, women and men experience and define intimate friendships in different ways, and neither should be judged by the standard of the other” (Migliaccio, 2009, p.229). It is determined that gender is not as much of a factor as gender roles are in male friendships. This article will provide evidence for the impact of the male gender versus gender roles within the theme of masculinity. It examines many factors that go beyond gender as well as the lens these relationships are viewed through
Mongeau, P. A., Ramirez, A., & Vorell, M. (2003, February). Friends with benefits: An initial investigation of a sexual but not romantic relationship. Arizona State University at Tempe.
Gender roles and identity are constantly shifting throughout different societal generations. Men and woman both have notable similarities and differences in genders and they each contribute to their personalities and actions. In the past men have been viewed as a more dominant sex in society over women, both in careers, home life, and sexually, however, today women have bridged many of the gaps and society is accepting a more equal view of genders. The following examines the similarities and differences between men and woman by looking at biological characteristics, gender roles, and sexual responses.
Reese, C. (2000). Biological Differences Establish Gender Roles. Male/female roles: opposing viewpoints (pp. 18-19). San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press.