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Case study on classical conditioning
Case study on classical conditioning
4 Principles of Operant Conditioning
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Learning
Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes.
“Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146).” By learning how to use a computer you will change from being someone who could not operate a computer to being one who can. Learning anything new involves change. You learned how to use a computer through experience with the machine. Once you have learned to use a computer, the skill usually does not leave you. Similar to learning how to drive a car, you do not have to go through the process again at a later time. There are three main types of learning are classical conditioning (responding), operant conditioning (acting), and observational learning (observing).
It is a nice spring day. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is badly stung by the bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby’s mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees the pink flower. The baby’s panic at the sight of the pink flower illustrates the learning process of classical conditioning. “Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Santrock, p.147).”
Pavlov’s dog salivates in response to a number of stimuli related with food, such as the sight of the food dish, the sight of the individual who brought the food into the room, and the sound of the door closing when the food arrives. Pavlov recognized that the dog’s association of these sights and sounds with the food was an important type of learning, which came to be called classical conditioning. Pavlov wanted to know why the dog salivated to different sights and sounds before eating their food. He observed that the dog’s behavior included both learned and unlearned components. “The “unlearned” part of classical conditioning is based on the fact that some stimuli automatically produce certa...
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...or does, retain the information in memory, and possess the motor capabilities to perform the action, but we might fail to repeat the behavior because of inadequate reinforcement (Santrock, p.167). For example, you take an art class; the instructor chooses one of your art pieces that you made during the class for display. This reinforcement encourages you to keep drawing. Bandura’s view about observational learning is an “information-processing activity.”
We focused on three main forms of learning; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. In classical conditioning, we focused on Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning described the aspects of B.F. Skinner. In observation learning, we centered on Bandura’s four main ideas. Leaning is how we respond, act, and observe what is going on around us.
Work Cited:
Blake, Toni. Enduring Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc, 1995.
Calvin, William H. How Brains Think?. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.
James, William. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Dove Publication Inc, 1918.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. San Francisco: The McGraw-Hill Inc, 2000.
Why should we stand for the pledge of allegiance? Because of the veterans who died for us? Because they fought for what we call “freedom”? I personally don’t think it should be a requirement for school.
From my late teens, into my mid-twenties, I was a smoker. At first, it was just recreational; however that changed fairly quickly. I began buying them and smoking regularly throughout the day. It then progressed to smoking a pack per day until it was too late. I was officially addicted. I knew it was a terrible habit and I was shamed of it and would hide it from friends and family hoping they wouldn’t find out. Finally, after coughing hacking, and repeatedly getting sick several times a year, I came to the realization that I had to quit. However, it wasn’t as easy as I had anticipated. After relapsing several times before I was finally able to quit, I broke this terrible habit successfully. It was an extremely difficult habit to break and I’ll never go back. I was a lucky individual who had the mental toughness and willpower to overcome this strong addiction, but Americans struggle to quit each year, and many never do. However, there’s a new product on the market today called electronic cigarettes that are believed to aid individuals in the fight against addiction. It’s a battery powered device that heats a nicotine diluted solution into a vapor that is then inhaled. It’s believed to be a healthier, more affordable alternative to tobacco cigarettes. It is much safer because it doesn’t have nearly as many harmful chemicals as tobacco cigarettes and it’s believed to be much more affordable for consumers. However, many critics believe that electronic cigarettes are extremely addictive and just as harmful. Although electronic cigarettes are believed to be detrimental to people’s heath due to low quality product standards, harmful components in filling solution, and reports suggesting they’re addictive and just as harmful as toba...
I do not stand for the Pledge of Allegiance. This is a right, shown by the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette decision that students have the right to refuse to stand and say the Pledge of Allegiance ("West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette"). This 1943 case remains relevant to students today, who do not stand for one reason: they will not pledge themselves to a flag and a country that claims liberty and justice for all but fails to come through. It is clear that America has not achieved and does not achieve its promises of freedom for all, as demonstrated by numerous historical continuities.
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
Begging in America has evolved into something to be abhorred and looked at with shame in the American culture. Research says that begging “… is associated with phenomena such as homelessness, unemployment, refugees… It is also stigmatized as involving crime … and a source of national shame.” (Arnold). When we see panhandlers on the streets we automatically assume that these men and women are deficient and have nothing better to do than to ask others for money. A majority of America will place people who beg as inferior to humans, as if we lived by an explicitly defined social class system, and not recognize them as an individual ─ America gives them little to no worth in society. Thus, panhandlers are given no rights by the citizenry.
Smoking tobacco in the cigarette form was extremely popular in the early part of the 20th century. Many people joined in the popular habit, got addicted, and had no fear of the future consequences or health concerns. Many people were under the impression that smoking was good for their bodies, and were unaware of the unhealthy side affects that cigarette smoking caused. Some famous people like Walt Disney, Ty Cobb, and Babe Ruth all were killed from their love of tobacco. Soon enough more and more cases of lung, throat, and mouth cancers began popping up all over the place, but people were reluctant to blame their beloved tobacco. It wasn’t until 1964 when Surgeon General Luther Terry stated that smoking causes lung cancer in people who smoke and inhale the fumes, that perceptions on smoking began to change. Since the findings of the Surgeon General, there has been an on going battle between pro-smoking, and anti-smoking groups over the rights of smokers. As the non smoking movement is growing at a rapid pace, and smoking bans have been ruled to not violate the 1st Amendment. In the last decade we have banned smoking in almost all public areas from bars and restaurants, offices, malls, and living quarters. The smoking bans are one effective way to abolish smoking, but it fails to address the major component in smoking; addiction to nicotine, and the psychological effect it has on users. Unfortunately, there isn’t an easy way to end smoking. This is because treatment plans have such a small level of success. Medical treatment such as prescription medication often have more side effects than positive effects for the user. But one product has been making huge gains in the fight to quit tobacco, and that is the electronic cigarette...
Since the introduction of electronic cigarettes to the U.S. market in 2007, the use and the regulations governing the product has been a topic of debate. Because the electronic cigarette does not contain tobacco, it is currently not regulated by the FDA. The device essentially allows the consumers to inhale nicotine, in the form of vapor, and satisfy the sensations associated with the habit of smoking without taking in tobacco. Although the market for electronic cigarettes is steadily growing, much opposition still exists against the product because the possible side effects and adverse symptoms are not completely known. Also, because of increasing media portrayal of electronic cigarettes as trendy and because of the lack of regulation governing these devices, many people are concerned that electronic cigarettes will have a greater appeal towards young children, leading to nicotine addiction. In addition, although it was suggested that electronic cigarettes could be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation, the devices were initially thought to merely switch the addiction from cigarettes to the electronic versions – whose potential dangers have not yet been dismissed. However, recent studies that have been done on electronic cigarettes have suggested that the devices have a promising capability capacity to be used as a treatment method for smoking cessation. Randomized controlled experiments have been conducted to show that use of electronic cigarettes does, in fact, increase smoking reduction and abstinence. Comparing the effects of this device with those of other products already in use in nicotine replacement therapy has further supported the electronic cigarettes’ potential successfulness in treatment for smoking cessa...
A growing trend in the United States is the use of an electronic cigarette as an alternative to regular cigarettes. An electronic cigarette burns a liquid solution containing a controlled percentage of nicotine with no carcinogens, and this provides the user with smoke that is actually vapor. According to Allen Mask M.D. (2014), “Sales of electronic cigarettes have boomed from $500 million in 2012 to $1.5 billion in 2013” (Mask, 2014). The growth of sales in electronic cigarettes over the years is because it is being marketed as a healthier alternative, and more stores are opening to help assist others on selling as well as fixing their devices. The reason why electronic cigarettes are a healthier alternative than regular cigarettes is that cigarettes are the leading causes of preventable death in America, because electronic cigarettes produce vapor not smoke, and it has helped people quit.
Almost everyone knows the health risks involved with smoking tobacco. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) give habitual smokers the most promising results of tobacco reduction or cessation. There are some that disagree with the use of e-cigarettes however; the benefits are exceptional for those looking to quit this habit. It significantly lowers their health risks related with smoking tobacco and, unlike cigarettes, it does not release any harmful toxic chemical substances. E-cigarettes are also more cost efficient than buying a pack of cigarettes. Although there are some that oppose the use of the economical e-cigarettes, the advantages are greater because
For this reason, I believe that the Pledge of Allegiance should continue to be recited in American Public Schools, I do however believe that for those with contrasting religious views should be allowed to omit “under God”. They should also be given the choice whether to say the pledge or not. We have amendments in the constitution granted citing freedom of speech to include freedom of religion. I believe that not allowing those with differences of opinion of the pledge would devalue those amendments and would be very contradictory. I grew up in an abusive home as a child and I was unsure of what my purpose and self worth was. I wasn’t an especially patriotic person, but I believe that my time in the Air Force was where I found those things. I was proud to protect others and it gave me a sense of pride to do for others what I could not have done for me in my
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
Many states have it as a mandatory tradition for the teacher to lead the class in the Pledge of Allegiance in the morning. The reason for this is because the Pledge of Allegiance can have a strong education value to it. In one case, a high school in St. Paul Minnesota learned a few new things about rights when one individual named Ebony Jaja remained seated one day for the Pledge of Allegiance (Galley par. 1). Upon refusing to rise for the Pledge of Allegiance Ebony was asked to exit the room by her teacher. Unsure if to reprimand or to punish kids who don’t stand for the Pledge the teacher had a meeting with the principal who informed the school that students are allowed to remain seated during the pledge because it is their right to do so (Galley par. 3). Students have always had the option to opt out of the Pledge of Allegiance in the morning, but students and teachers didn’t quite understand the how their rights were affected. As a result, everyone now understands how their rights allow them to be in control. This was a big lesson for this school, one that is important for students to understand at a young
There are many differences and similarities between each of these learning processes. For example, classical conditioning involves only involuntary or reflex responses where as operant conditioning involves both involuntary and voluntary reflexes. These different learning processes can be used independently in many different situations. Where Classical conditioning may be more effective in one situation it may be useless in another. For this reason each of these learning processes, Classical and operant conditioning, and observational and insight learning are each as important and effective as the other.
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.