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Women oppression in literature
Oppression of women in literature
Oppression of women in literature
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When people think of a mother they think of a comforter, a lover, and a role model. Today, most women’s dream is to become a phenomenal mother: being someone their child, and even observers, can look up to. What if a woman is denied her dreams of becoming a mother, or even compelled to think being a mother is indecent? Suppose people of the world are conditioned to believe the words “birth” and “mother” are obscene, and the only mothers existing in the world were called “savages.” Would one’s dreams be crushed as a result of the absence of motherhood? Would she feel like something is missing in her life without the love of a child? In Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, the unpleasant feelings toward births and mothers are universal. To be living in a world which is “perfect,” there are many imperfections because of the lack of a mother’s love.
The term “reproduction” is typically used to describe mothers and fathers producing a child naturally, but in Brave New World, the term is used to describe the manufacture of humans in factories. The Director of Hatcheries (D.H.C.) explains the process to a group of students:
One egg, one embryo, one adult-normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. Progress. (Huxley 7)
With the Bokanovsky Process, a woman is incapable of having a child of her own and forbidden to have a natural birth. Also, this process creates a caste system. The system consists of Alphas, Betas, Gamma, Deltas, and Epsilons.
The Alphas and Betas are the highest classes. In the Bokanovsky Proces...
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... spoke very sharply. ‘Don’t say that. There’s very little honor in that Assignment.” (Lowry 21). The mother’s reaction shows the extremity of hatred for motherhood is present in many novels’ societies.
Whether in an unstable or stable society, mothers and births should always be present. Motherhood might make a woman insane, but in time the child makes her sane. In Brave New World ? A Defense of Paradise-Engineering, David Pearce states the overall reason for Ford’s beliefs on motherhood and birth: “…it is suggested that the price of universal happiness will be the sacrifice of the most hallowed shibboleths of our culture: "motherhood", "home", "family", "freedom", even "love" (Pearce). Is the price of true motherhood, home, family, freedom, and love worth the reward of false happiness? When there is motherhood, home, family, freedom, and love, there is happiness.
Are all mothers fit for motherhood? The concept of motherhood is scrutinized in the stories “The Rocking Horse Winner” and “Tears Idle Tears”. In “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H Lawrence the mother, Hester, unpremeditatedly provokes her son into providing for her through gambling. In the story “Tears Idle Tears” by Elizabeth Bowen, Mrs. Dickinson disregards her son’s emotions and puts more emphasis in her appearance than her son’s wellbeing. Hester and Mrs. Dickinson both were inadequate mothers. Both the mothers were materialistic, pretended to love their offspring, and their dominance hindered their children’s progress in life.
For, in relinquishing, a mother feels strong and liberal; and in guild she finds the motivation to right wrong. Women throughout time have been compelled to cope with the remonstrances of motherhood along with society’s anticipations Morrison’s authorship elucidates the conditions of motherhood showing how black women’s existence is warped by severing conditions of slavery. In this novel, it becomes apparent how in a patriarchal society a woman can feel guilty when choosing interests, career and self-development before motherhood. The sacrifice that has to be made by a mother is evident and natural, but equality in a relationship means shared responsibility and with that, the sacrifices are less on both part. Although motherhood can be a wonderful experience many women fear it in view of the tamming of the other and the obligation that eventually lies on the mother.
...these flaws sets new proposal to new opportunities to everyone. To a certain degree, American society supports motherhood in ways where it is effective to the problems. It is apparent that there are times where they aren’t providing people the right resources. It seems like less people have the proper help, which explains the amount of limitations we are being set to.
Parents play a crucial role in the development of children, varying from culture to culture. Although imperative, the mother and daughter relationship can be trivial. Many women writers have exercised their knowledge and shared their feelings in their works to depict the importance and influence of mothers upon daughters. Jamaica Kincaid, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Kiana Davenport are only three of the many women writers who have included mother and daughter themes in their texts. These writers explore the journeys of women in search of spiritual, mental and individual knowledge. As explained by these authors, their mothers' words and actions often influence women both negatively and positively. These writers also show the effects of a mother's lesson on a daughter, while following women's paths to discovery of their own voice or identity. In Kincaid's poem, Girl; Hong Kingston's novel, Woman Warrior; and Davenport's short story, The Lipstick Tree, various themes are presented in contrasting views and contexts, including the influence of mothers upon daughters.
With the advent of neoliberalism, the practice of mothering in Western society arguably shifted from a manner that simply ensures the growth of a child into one that maximizes the child’s growth (O’Reilly: Intensive Mothering, Oct 16). One representation of this shift is identified by Sharon Hays as intensive mothering in which the mother prioritizes the rearing of her child over the advancement of her professional career by investing most of her energy, time, and financial resources into her child (Hays 414). The novel I Don’t Know How She Does It by Allison Pearson can be analyzed through the perspective of intensive mothering. The protagonist, Kate Reddy, is a successful employee of a top investment managing firm in London who spends her
Ovaries are surgically removed, fertilized and then fetuses are kept incubated in specifically designed bottles. There are five castes which include: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon. Each caste is destined to have a different role; for example, an Epsilon, the lowest caste, is not capable of doing an Alpha’s job. This is because “the fetuses undergo different treatments depending on their castes”. Oxygen deprivation and alcohol treatment ensure the lower intelligence and smaller size of members of the three lower castes.
Motherhood is an integral theme in the work of Toni Morrison. She uses the experiences and perspectives of black women to develop a view of black motherhood, that is, in terms of both maternal identity and role, very different from how motherhood is practised in the dominant culture. Whilst the African view of motherhood claims that all mothers are a symbol of creativity on Earth, American slavery forced many black women to repress their natural instinct to nurture their offspring. In Morrison's view, motherhood is an act of resistance essential to black women's fight against racism and sexism. O'Reilly suggests that Morrsion's maternal theory is a politics of the heart, i.e that the power of motherhood is what makes possible the improved world that is sought for oneself and for our offspring. This empowerment is explored in `Beloved' where the enslaved families have not been allowed to lead normal lives.
Social pressure to raise pleasant, good mannered children who become grounded and productive adults has been a driving influence for many generations. If our children do not fit into this mold then we’re considered failures are parents. Emily’s mother is tormented by the phone call which sets off a wave of maternal guilt. Emily’s mother was young and abandoned by her husband while Emily was still an infant so she had to rely on only herself and the advice of others while she raised her daughter. After Emily was born her mother, “with all the fierce rigidity of first motherhood, (I) did like the books said. Though her cries battered me to trembling and my breasts ached with swollenness, I waited till the clock decreed.” (Olsen 174). Then when Emily was two she went against her own instincts about sending Emily to a nursery school while she worked which she considered merely “parking places for children.” (Olsen 174). Emily’s mother was also persuaded against her motherly instincts to send her off to a hospital when she did not get well from the measles and her mother had a new baby to tend to. Her mother even felt guilt for her second child, Susan, being everything society deemed worthy of attention. Emily was “thin and dark and foreign-looking at a time when every little girl was supposed to look or thought she should look a chubby blond replica of Shirley Temple.” (Olsen, 177) she was also neither “glib or quick in a world where glibness and quickness were easily confused with ability to learn.” (Olsen 177), which her sister Susan had in
Eva’s lack of value for motherhood shaped the lives of her family as well as her own. Because of her negative feelings toward motherhood, many of the people surrounding her have similar values. Eva reflects her community’s negative perception of motherhood by being straightforward about it and passing it down through her family
Mrs. Sara Penn is a respectful mother of her kids and wife, but the word “mother” can have different symbolic meaning such as a mad woman, selfless wife and a mother for her kids. First, according the article, Mrs. Sara Penn is a mad because the writer says “she went into the pantry, and there was a clatter of dishes” where she can cook and wash the dishes (par. 44). Here only work is to fulfil her family’s needs as a mad to feed and clean such as “she laid out
Finally, I will now discuss the repercussions of the wife role and the mask of motherhood on Eva’s relationship with Kevin. Ruddick states, “a ‘good mother’ may well be praised for colluding in her own subordination, with destructive consequences to her and her children” (104). Accordingly, the mask of motherhood strips Eva of her authenticity and integrity, and as it becomes her way of life, it diminishes her power (Maushart 463). Her “anger at the conditions of motherhood…become translated into anger at the child,” so that her relationship with Kevin becomes controlled by the wife role and mask of motherhood (Rich 52). Subsequently, even the act of loving him becomes problematic for her. Eva notes, “the harder I tried, the more aware I became
"[M]otherhood was invented by someone who had to have a word for it because the ones that had the children didn 't care whether there was a word for it or not," Addie Bundren reflects from beyond the grave in As I Lay Dying (171). Though she can hardly be considered the paragon of motherhood, Addie 's words have a degree of truth to them which can be interpreted in more than one way. Perhaps mothers don 't need a word for motherhood because their experience is one that transcends language. Or perhaps it is only men and childless women who care about defining motherhood, because those who are mothers have realized "that living [is] terrible and that this [is] the answer to it," and thus have no desire to concern themselves with the definition of a meaningless term (As I Lay Dying 171). The latter appears to be the case for Addie, whose favoritism and passive aggressiveness lead to the horrible neglect of almost every one of her five children, but specifically of her only daughter, Dewey Dell. In contrast, Ellen Sutpen 's understanding of the terribleness of living and her own dysfunctional relationships lead her to seek happiness in an illusory world of wealth and status, to the neglect of her only daughter Judith. Both
She intentionally repeats “who will,” and uses “the children,” rather than “our” or “my,” to ridicule males for viewing children as an exclusive liability of the mother, which bolsters her idea of men being detached from all emotion. These are restated often in order to bring attention to the irony of the male success, when all the labor is provided by the women yet all credit is given to the head of the household. The sustained diction questions female tolerance of male ignorance, and it provokes the confrontation of the emotional abuse of
... for the purpose of doing work. The Bokanovsky Groups make people in large masses who are a little less intelligent than everyone else. They have been created for the sole purpose of working, just like machines. This is being seen today especially in third world countries.
Given American obsessions with male mythologies, the writers of American fiction seem to challenge the basic assumptions of American culture. Specially, the Black female writers create and challenge ideals in representing the mother. While on the one hand we see recurring use of the Good mother of mythology, and virtues associated with the life principle (birth, warmth, nourishment, protection, fertility, growth, abundance, etc.). On the other hand. we also see dark and mysterious mothers performing negative roles associated with the Earth Mother. This paper seeks to question the ideals of motherhood and maternity in Black American fiction with special reference to the central mother figure in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and to see if the roles of mother can be analyzed in altruistic terms alone or as something that is determined by the social conditions prevailing at a given moment.