The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement, which meets global standards. The cement industry comprises 130 large cement plant sand more than 300 mini cement plants. The industry's capacity at the end of the year reached million tons. Cement industry in India is currently going through a consolidation phase. Some examples of consolidation in the Indian cement industry are: Gujarat Ambujatakinga stake of 14 per cent in ACC, and taking over DLF Cements and Modi Cement; ACCtaking over IDCOL; India Cement taking over Raasi Cement and Sri Vishnu Cement; and Grasim's acquisition of the cement business of L&T, Indian Rayon's cementdivision, and Sri Digvijay Cements. Foreign cement companies are also picking upstakes in large Indian cement companies. Swiss cement major Holcim has picked up14.8 per cent of the promoters' stake in Gujarat Ambuja Cements. The cement industry is one of the main beneficiaries of the infrastructure boom. With robust demand and supply, the industry has bright future. The Indian Cement Industry with total capacity of 165 million tones is the second largest after China. Cement industry is dominated by 20 companies who account for over 70% of the market. Individually no company accounts for over 12% of the market. The major players like L&T and ACC have been quiet successful in narrowing the gap …show more content…
During the Paleolithic Age, men used to enjoy adequate shelter provided by nature. The Bronze Age witnessed the use of building materials from a clay based mixture and air hardening lime. The Egyptians advanced to the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building such structures as the Pyramids. The Greeks made further improvements and finally the Romans developed cement that produced structures of remarkable durability (Cement Association of Canada
The Incans used stone blocks to create prime structures without joining the stone blocks with mortar. These stones were sculpted to exactly fit together (Inca Art History, 2016). The final structures were stable due to the tight fit of the stones. Machu Picchu is a notable living example of the Incan architecture (Inca Art History, 2016).
The Romans discovered many things that would aid the construction of their great civilization. The Romans discovered that a particular mixture of volcanic rock rubble and water could be used to create very strong structures; their concrete mixture could even be used in underwater applications. The Romans used concrete to make foundations for large buildings as well as bridges. They also used concrete as mortar to hold together the stones that made up roads, walls, and bridges. The Romans discovery of concrete allowed them to build very large structures that have survived many centuries.
The first permanent stone fortifications was built in Jericho. They constructed the building using roughly shaped stones laid without mortar (Kleiner, 24). Once Jericho’s inhabitants left their site, a different group of people came to settle there. They used different techniques, “…established a farming community of rectangular mud-brick houses on stone foundations with plastered and painted floors and walls” (Kleiner, 25). The megalithic tomb in Ireland was built in the form of a passage grave. “At Newgrandge, the huge megaliths forming the vaulted passage and the dome are held in place by their own weight without mortar, each stone countering the thrust o neighboring stones. Decorating some of the megaliths are incised spirals and other motifs” (Kleiner, 27). The main chamber used early examples of corralled vaulting and in addition the Newgrandge tomb illuminates sunlight through the passage and the burial chamber during the winter solstice. Nearing the end of the fourth millennium BCE, Neolithic civilization had spread in every diffraction even to small remote areas. “…Hagar Quim is one of many constructed on Malta between 3200 and 2500 BCE” (Kleiner, 27).The builders of Malta constructed the temple by pilling cut stone blocks very carefully in stacked horizontal rows. “To construct the doorways at Hagar Qim, the builders employed the post-and-lintel system in which two upright stones
Construction chemicals are categorized into product portions such as sealers and protective coatings, mortars and grouts, adhesives and caulks, and so on. All such products are widely used in the end user industries such as Non building construction, Nonresidential construction, Residential construction. With the boom in demand, complexity of structures, competitive, environmental conditions and requirement of more potent structure, Construction chemical substances has become an integral aspect of the construction industry. In India, Construction chemical compounds specifically cater to the following
The Romans invented and revolutionised many innovations and technologies. Although, of all of these innovations and technologies, only one has survived unchanged for over 2000 years. Hydraulic cement-based concrete is certainly the most significant ancient Roman innovation that has come to be. Ancient Roman concrete was significant as it was cheap, and allowed the ancient world to build greater infrastructure. This in turn vitally helped revolutionise trade and many regions’ economy. Concrete also allowed long-lasting and important health systems, as well as security systems to be put into place for ancient Rome, revolutionising both health and safety across the ancient world. On top of this, to prove the significance of concrete, it is still
CEMEX is a global cement company from Mexico that dates back to 1906. It was formally established in 1931 through a merger between Cementos Hildago and Cementos Portland Monterrey. Although initially it operated on a domestic level, various factors within its operating environment forced it to expand internationally. Before venturing into other markets, the company opted to capitalize on the ideal environment created the Mexican Government. Nevertheless, the Mexico 1982 economic crisis forced the Government to liberalize the Mexican market thus attracting foreign competitors. To counter the new competition, CEMEX opted to first divest its business, which was diversified across hotel management, engineering, petrochemicals, to focus on its core cement production business. It opted to avoid a hostile take over by foreign companies through consolidating its position in the domestic Market. Acquiring Cementos Anahuac and Cementos Tolteca was a strategic move that enabled it control 60% of Mexican market, becoming the world tenth biggest cement company. Probably motivated by the success of this strategy and the new acquired competitive scale, the company opted to internationalize. Acquisition was the preferred strategy of expansion. This strategy undoubtedly yielded unprecedented success over the years. By 2004, CEMEX had grown to be the 3rd largest building material company in the world, experienced an 18% annual growth rate in sales, and enjoyed a revenue of US$ 7.1 billion, just to mention a few.
Early man lived at the mercy of his environment. He relied on the animals of his region for food and thus had to follow their migration to provide for himself and his family. The development of farming caused a major shift in the way these early people lived. The ability to cultivate the earth and produce food for the animals allowed humans to exert more control over their environment. In keeping the animals close by, humans were able to build more permanent structures to protect themselves from the elements. They found that shelter could be constructed by using rocks or bricks made from mixing brush with mud and drying it in the sun. As farming methods improved, the need for preservation and storage of the excess led to the development of pottery. Not everyone was skilled in
In order to build this city, the Incans used stone tools, bronze tools, and chisels. The materials they used were mud, clay, adobe, and granite blocks. Each block weighed fifty tons! They would thatch the roofs with tree trunks and straw. After the buildings were constructed, the Incan people would smooth the stones with sand, mud, and clay to make the structures look polished.
Despite not having an established society or economy, man in the Paleolithic Age had increasing technology. Their weapons and tools were made of wood and stone, and they had manifested the ability to control fire. The Paleolithic Age also berthed language and thus established the first historical backgrounds of modern man. Paleolithic art gives the background for the culture of the time. Depicting a society classed only by sex: Men hunted, made weaponry and tools, and fought other nomadic bands; Women gathered, made clothing, and bore children.
Cement china (2013). Dangote invests $28M in Ghana cement packaging plant.[Online]Available at: http://www.cementchina.net/news/shownews.asp?id=7442[accessed November 21 2013]
Some still stand today! The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone because
Opus caementicium or Roman concrete is a synthetic construction substance that’s composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. In Rome’s case, as discovered by UC Berkley with the extensive analysis of a sample of Roman concrete taken from a breakwater in Italy’s Pozzuoli Bay it was developed by using lime and volcanic rock which formed a mortar, the mortar and volcanic rock were then packed into wooden forms and when seawater was added a chemical reaction occurred, bonding everything together to create concrete (History, 2013). It is uncertain when Roman concrete was developed, but it was clearly in widespread and customary use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.
The real estate sector in India is one of the sectors recognized worldwide. In the country, it is the second largest employer after agriculture and is expected to grow by 30 percent over the next decade. It consists of four sub-sectors - residential, retail, catering and advertising. The growth of this sector is well complemented by the growth of corporate environment and demand for office space, as well as the urban and semi-urban housing. According to a study by ICRA, construction third ranked among the 14 most important sectors in terms of direct, indirect and induced in all areas of business purposes. It is also expected to emerge from this more non-resident sectors (NRI) Indian investments in the near future, according to a
The fourth largest sector in the Indian economy is all set for 16% growth during 2008-09, from a base of Rs. 85470 crores, as predicted by FICCI. Going forward, as anticipated by CRISIL, FMCG sector will touch around Rs. 140000 crores by 2015 (33.4B$).
Introduction The Roman Empire has had a lasting effect on all civilizations that have emerged in its wake. Specifically, Roman innovations in the fields of architecture and engineering continue to inspire builders and architects to this day. Moreover, concrete and the Roman application of arches are two advances of particular note that enabled the building of the roads, temples, aqueducts and bridges which empowered the Romans to spread their culture throughout Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa (Kamm, 2009; Moulton, 1998a). In my paper I will discuss the development of both concrete and the arch, the importance of each and the results of their use. Discussion Initially, Romans made extensive use of cut stone and timber in their buildings