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Though sexism and racism differ in their manifestations and social implication of the victim, they both exist and go hand-in-hand in distorting and limiting one’s matrix of options in various ways. Unfortunately, racism and sexism have played an integral role in slowing the development of society. Moreover, they have both been recognized as being toxic to the development of humanity, yet they continue to breed rampant throughout areas of corrupt power relation and oppression. Marilyn Frye, a feminist author ahead of her time, parallels the two and uses their similarities to expose the underlying origins and mechanisms of infection that plague humanity. In her work “The Politics of Reality”, Marilyn Frye uses the African American women as a sort of Patient Zero that is affected by the diseases of racism and sexism. Frye notes that African American women are marginalized in such a manner that not only dehumanizes, but in a sense enslaves and trains them to be their own captors. This can be related to how an owner would use an electric fence to train a pet. After constant punishment and reminding one of their constraints, an oppressor is able engrain derogation into the inner character of the animal. Frye makes clear that this type of degradation is not common throughout the entire feminist movement, and only impacts African American women. African American women are …show more content…
It is because of these things that African American women have felt shamed by not only sexist and white males, but sexist and white females. Frye
The black women’s interaction with her oppressive environment during Revolutionary period or the antebellum America was the only way of her survival. Playing her role, and being part of her community that is not always pleasant takes a lot of courage, and optimism for better tomorrow. The autonomy of a slave women still existed even if most of her natural rights were taken. As opposed to her counterparts
On Being Young-A Woman-and Colored an essay by Marita Bonner addresses what it means to be black women in a world of white privilege. Bonner reflects about a time when she was younger, how simple her life was, but as she grows older she is forced to work hard to live a life better than those around her. Ultimately, she is a woman living with the roles that women of all colors have been constrained to. Critics, within the last 20 years, believe that Marita Bonners’ essay primarily focuses on the double consciousness ; while others believe that she is focusing on gender , class , “economic hardships, and discrimination” . I argue that Bonner is writing her essay about the historical context of oppression forcing women into intersectional oppression by explaining the naturality of racial discrimination between black and white, how time and money equate to the American Dream, and lastly how gender discrimination silences women, specifically black women.
In “In Living Color: Race and American Culture”, Michael Omi claims that racism still takes place in America’s contemporary society. According to Omi, media and popular culture shape a segregating ideology by giving a stereotypical representation of black people to the public, thus generating discrimination between races (Omi 115:166). In “Bad Feminist: Take One”, Roxane Gay discusses the different roles that feminism plays in our society. She argues that although some feminist authors and groups try to create a specific image of the feminist approach, there is no definition that fully describe feminism and no behaviors that can make someone a good feminist or a bad feminist (Gay 304:306). Both authors argue
Deborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historical sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American history, and thus, White first published her novel in 1985. However, the novel has since been revised to include newly revealed sources that have been worked into the novel. Ar’n’t I a Woman? presents African American females’ struggle with race and gender through the years of slavery and Reconstruction. The novel also depicts the courage behind the female slave resistance to the sexual, racial, and psychological subjugation they faced at the hands of slave masters and their wives. The study argues that “slave women were not submissive, subordinate, or prudish and that they were not expected to be (22).” Essentially, White declares the unique and complex nature of the prejudices endured by African American females, and contends that the oppression of their community were unlike those of the black male or white female communities.
Women, black women in particular, are placed in a society that marginalizes and controls many of the aspects of a black woman’s life. As a result, many black women do not see a source of opportunity, a way to escape the drudgery of their everyday existence. For example, if we were to ask black mother’s if they would change their situation if it became possible for them to do so, many would change, but others would say that it is not possible; This answer would be the result of living in a society that has conditioned black women to accept their lots in life instead of fighting against the system of white and male dominated supremacy. In Ann Petry’s The Street, we are given a view of a black mother who is struggling to escape what the street symbolizes.
“I tried to demonstrate how both the cross cultural literature and the history of African American women gave the lie to the nation that gender inequality can be attributed to biological differences” (Mullings, page xvii)
being black and being a woman. Scholars convey that African American women are involved in what’s called the “double threat” where membership in more than one oppressed social group results in cumulative risk outcomes (Brown 2000; Chavous et. al 2004; Childs 2005; Steele 1992; 1997). Black women may also experience stress due to unrealistic stereotypes. For example, research has revealed that black women experience “double threat” when they apply for housing from a white landlord. Results conclude that white landlords perceive black women as the “black single mother” stereotype, therefore they refuse to provide them with adequate housing (Iceland and Wilkes 2006; Roscigno et al. 2009). Black women actively seek to resist the positive and negative stereotypes for fear that embodying them will result in validation of those categorizations (Chavous et al. 2004; Fries-Britt & Griffin 2007; Rollock, Gillborn, Vincent & Ball 2011; Settles 2006; Steele 1997). Black women may not have intended to perpetuate stereotypes in the presence of others, but are subjected to social pressures to normalize these stereotypes for others and pigeonhole themselves in counteractive representations of black women (Childs 2005; Wilkins 2012). Steele (1992) described this process as “stereotype threat” which occurs when individuals perceive that negative stereotypes about their group as
White women like Hillary Clinton, who have advantageously indoctrinated themselves into a mechanism of politics that entails the continued suffering of other women, especially non-white women become martyrs for their own brand of feminism, neglecting to analyze other forms of oppression that may affect women, like imperialism, classism, and race. It is no accident that non-white women, and women who live in regions that are or have been occupied by the U.S. around the world, and those who face mass political or economic repression in the U.S. are rarely given platforms to speak about their issues. The complex and multi-faceted struggles of non-white women go unheard, and for a reason too. To allow women who do not fit the Western liberal or corporate feminist model of womanhood a platform forces those who legitimize unjust wars and perpetuate racism through policies to confront their own prejudices, and the systematic brutality their nations enacts on various global societies, as well as within its borders. It is easy to claim and fabricate reasons as to why the war on drugs and terror are beneficial policies that will eventually help the greater good; it is another to examine what other types of oppressions exists that afflict the lives of otherized areas, especially the women in these areas.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth-century, notions of freedom for Black slaves and White women were distinctively different than they are now. Slavery was a form of exploitation of black slaves, whom through enslavement, lost their humanity and freedom, and were subjected to dehumanizing conditions. African women and men were often mistreated through similar ways, especially when induced to labor, they would eventually become a genderless individual in the sight of the master. Despite being considered “genderless” for labor, female slaves suddenly became women who endured sexual violence. Although a white woman was superior to the slaves, she had little power over the household, and was restricted to perform additional actions without the consent of their husbands. The enslaved women’s notion to conceive freedom was different, yet similar to the way enslaved men and white women conceived freedom. Black women during slavery fought to resist oppression in order to gain their freedom by running away, rebel against the slaveholders, or by slowing down work. Although that didn’t guarantee them absolute freedom from slavery, it helped them preserve the autonomy and a bare minimum of their human rights that otherwise, would’ve been taken away from them. Black
Among the many subjects covered in this book are the three classes of oppression: gender, race and class in addition to the ways in which they intersect. As well as the importance of the movement being all-inclusive, advocating the idea that feminism is in fact for everybody. The author also touches upon education, parenting and violence. She begins her book with her key argument, stating that feminist theory and the movement are mainly led by high class white women who disregarded the circumstances of underprivileged non-white women.
Marilyn Frye, in her article Oppression, explores the pervasive presence of oppressive forces and the resultant inequality from which women suffer. She presents qualifiers and subsequent situations that outline her interpretation of the subjugation of women. Frye’s views may be seen as radical due to their extremist nature and unwillingness to conform, but undeniably present valid points and successfully rebels against the social construction she so strongly despises. Frye argues that the root cause of gender inequality derives from what she calls ‘oppressive structures’ and the inability or unwillingness of society to recognize these restrictive forces. Frye’s perspective differs from that of Charlotte Perkins Gilman in many ways but also shows
Being a black woman in this society and seeing how sexism is the number one seller in this society makes it really hard for Mclune (2015). Mclune (2015) discusses “Notes of a Hip Hop Head” by Kevin Powell stating “Socioeconomic” is the reason for the sexism in the hip hop field and it is a way to keep the black females quiet (p.222). Kevin Powell states “But just as it was unfair to demonize men of color in the 1960’s solely as wild-eyed radicals when what they wanted, amidst their fury, was a little freedom and a little power...” (Mclune, 2015, p. 221-222). Mclune (2015) clarifies that Powell completely overlooks that females also have a hard life and an insufficiency, yet they still have to overlook the objectification that black men bring to the table. Even though sexism is not the answer, it will always sell no matter
Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism introduces ideas by Becky Thompson that contradict the “traditional” teachings of the Second Wave of feminism. She points out that the version of Second Wave feminism that gets told centers around white, middle class, US based women and the central problem being focused on and rallied against is sexism. This history of the Second Wave does not take into consideration feminist movements happening in other countries. Nor does it take into consideration the feminist activism that women of color were behind, that centered not only on sexism, but also racism, and classism as central problems as well. This is where the rise of multiracial feminism is put to the foreground and
Women – beautiful, strong matriarchal forces that drive and define a portion of the society in which we live – are poised and confident individuals who embody the essence of determination, ambition, beauty, and character. Incomprehensible and extraordinary, women are persons who possess an immense amount of depth, culture, and sophistication. Society’s incapability of understanding the frame of mind and diversity that exists within the female population has created a need to condemn the method in which women think and feel, therefore causing the rise of “male-over-female” domination – sexism. Sexism is society’s most common form of discrimination; the need to have gender based separation reveals our culture’s reluctance to embrace new ideas, people, and concepts. This is common in various aspects of human life – jobs, households, sports, and the most widespread – the media. In the media, sexism is revealed through the various submissive, sometimes foolish, and powerless roles played by female models; because of these roles women have become overlooked, ignored, disregarded – easy to look at, but so hard to see.
Women need to challenge the internalized sexist or patriarchal value with the same energy they confront patriarchy or hegemony irrespective of class or ethnicity if anything tangible is going to be achieved. When women internalize patriarchal patterns of behavior, they act it out, albeit unconsciously and this makes both cross-racial and interracial hostility pervasive and difficult to confront. Nobody condemned or sees what Yaye Khadi or Ouleymatou put Mireille through because these patterns of behavior have been so internalized that they feel normal and the right things to do. The women forget that in spite of the differences in the injustice they suffer, they all suffer from the same patriarchal oppression either as white, black, middle class or peasants. Women victimize other women because the overshadowed feeling of hatred for the patriarchal system is replaced with jealousy and hatred for other women who are vulnerable to the