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Basic cause of french revolution
Napoleon's rise and consolidation of power
Causes of The French Revolution
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Europe as a continent includes many nations and yet the structure and boundaries of European countries have morphed multiple times creating and dissolving governments through war and conflict. The Napoleonic wars were from around 1803 to 1815, though this may not be exact since the wars’ start date is a matter of opinion due to earlier conflicts with Europe during the entire French revolution. They were a geographical and political restructuring of Europe that lead to the creation and organization of the Europe nations that eventually became the primary combatants and effected territories of World War 1. The nations of France, England, and kingdoms of Germany experienced sweeping changes in their positions in the world due to Napoleon’s actions …show more content…
The actions of these nations only served to ironically lead to the spreading of French idealism across the continent during France’s peak of military prowess. By alienating and siding against France, France entered into war with the “Coalitions” of European Monarchies and under Napoleon’s rule, conquered their opposition and under their rule, learned of the French ideology of Democracy due to the reformation of French government over France and with it, the territories it governed during the Napoleonic Wars. One of the driving ways democratic ideas spread over French territory was the Napoleonic Code, a codified set a laws that aimed to apply equally to all citizens within France. “What the French people want,” said Napoleon, “is equality, not liberty.”(Bill of Rights) The Napoleonic Code instituted the concept of divorce and voting in France and many other changes to the status quo of not only France, but all of Europe where the autocracy ruled in place of democracy. The origins of this constitutional document and its goal are remarkably similar to the social contract by the British philosopher Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes and …show more content…
The Reign of Terror during the French revolution can be seen as the restructuring of France to create equality by eliminating the nobility who created an inequality in the society of France as well as political rebels against the new “equal” system under the later rule of the elected dictator, Napoleon I. The system granted all French adult male citizens in the empire the right to vote, once even “giving (Napoleon I) over 99 percent of the popular vote.”(Life) The voting was definitely rigged but as in the modern governments currently show, no system is perfect. The important fact is there really was a vote, showing that the French technically made progress with their revolution towards a true democratic government and could call themselves a republic as they wanted to become. Their direction of political change is familiar to European history
Clearly there never was just one French Revolution, but rather a series of revolutions. These occurred while the French struggled to create a new political and social system – one that would follow principles radically different to that of the ‘ancient’ regime. There were five regimes during the French Revolution between 1787 and 1800. However, despite this fragmented revolution, the same fundamental principles guided most of the revolutionaries involved. These principles included equality under law, centralisation of government, elimination of feudal rights, religious freedom and careers open to talent, not birth.
After the Reign of Terror, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to authority. When he was in power, Napoleon only kept some of the ideas that were used in the French Revolution. For example he was for equality, but disregarded liberty. Napoleon started many wars for France, in hopes of gaining land. France did win some land, but more times than not France lost the wars, putting them into extreme war debt.
When the King of England began to infringe on the colonists’ liberties, leaders inspired by the enlightenment grouped together to defend the rights of the American colonies. As Thomas Jefferson writes in the Declaration of Independence, “History of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States” (Jefferson 778). The citizens of France, inspired by the enlightenment, desired a government run by the people. Marquis de Lafayette wrote, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; social distinctions may be based only upon general usefulness” (de Lafayette 783).
World War One was greatly influenced by many factors, and in many ways. National interest ignited the mistrust and insecurities within nations, which in turn led to the creation of strong alliances and immense military forces. The growing suspicion Britain had of Germany only heightened the wariness and uncertainty of nations. The means, by which individual nations dealt with the issues within themselves, and outside of their boundaries, in the years preceding World War One, were irrational and improperly thought through. Nations fell into a strong ultra nationalistic point of view, and acted in a way which expressed interest in themselves only.
Since the French had relatively recently fought in the Napoleonic wars, they had an image of
The French and American Revolutions were derived amongst similar motivations to better their governments. However, they differ on other levels based on their actions and outcomes. The American and French revolutions both wanted its citizens to be viewed as equals, just as well as allow them to have some natural rights. Sovereignty however is, viewed differently by the two parties. The core reason for each revolution differs, but they both have the same ending results of a declarations document. Both documents are composed based off enlightenment thinkers John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract. The Declaration of Independence was mostly Locke’s theory. While the Declaration of the Rights of Man favored both theories.
The French Revolution evokes many different emotions and controversial issues in that some believe it was worth the cost and some don't. There is no doubt that the French Revolution did have major significance in history. Not only did the French gain their independence, but an industrial revolution also took place. One of the main issues of the Revolution was it's human costs. Two writers, the first, Peter Kropotkin who was a Russian prince, and the other Simon Schama, a history professor, both had very opposing views on whether the wars fought by France during the Revolution were worth it's human costs. Krapotkin believed that the French Revolution was the main turning point for not only France but for most other countries as well. On the other hand, Schama viewed the French Revolution as unproductive and excessively violent.
It is necessary to insert the war in a larger context, begun in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna . The Congress, to which the principal European powers participated in order to redraw the European map and to restore the Ancient regime, after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars, opened the age of the “Restoration” in Europe, that ended, according to the majority of studies, in 1830-31 with the Greek Revolution.
On August 26, 1789, the assembly issued the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.” Through judicial matters, this document was written in order to secure due process and to create self-government among the French citizens. This document offered to the world and especially to the French citizens a summary of the morals and values of the Revolution, while in turn justifying the destruction of a government; especially in this case the French government, based upon autocracy of the ruler and advantage. The formation of a new government based upon the indisputable rights of the individuals of France through liberty and political uniformity.
Overview and Analysis of the Napoleonic Wars. Europe has had a long history of conflicts. Before the Napoleonic Wars that occurred between the years of 1799 and 1815, there were other conflicts in the 18th century such as The Great Northern War, The Seven Years’ War, Pugachev's Rebellion, and the French Revolutionary Wars. Under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, France was fighting numerous European nations with speed to repeatedly defeat Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies under the series of conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars. The War of the First Coalition that started in 1793 and ended a few years before Napoleon took charge had all the European nations and some nations in Egypt, America and South America having issues.
It is generally accepted that the Napoleonic era (1799-1815) begins when Napoleon gained control of the French Directory by staging a coup and ends with his defeat at the battle of Waterloo. (Barzun 2014) Within that fifteen year time period Napoleon waged war across the whole of Europe. His armies marched from Russia in the East, to Spain in the West reaching the height of their power in 1812. During the Napoleonic era new command structures, use of combined arms, nationalization of the French army; changed all aspects of warfare, and forced the rest of Europe to change as well, this combination of events created the fundamentals of modern warfare used in the twenty- first century.
With all the glory and the splendour that some countries may have experienced, never has history seen how only only one man, Napoleon, brought up his country, France, from its most tormented status, to the very pinnacle of its height in just a few years time. He was a military hero who won splendid land-based battles, which allowed him to dominate most of the European continent. He was a man with ambition, great self-control and calculation, a great strategist, a genius; whatever it was, he was simply the best. But, even though how great this person was, something about how he governed France still floats among people's minds. Did he abuse his power? Did Napoleon defeat the purpose of the ideals of the French Revolution? After all of his success in his military campaigns, did he gratify the people's needs regarding their ideals on the French Revolution? This is one of the many controversies that we have to deal with when studying Napoleon and the French Revolution. In this essay, I will discuss my opinion on whether or not was he a destroyer of the ideals of the French Revolution.
The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, “the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history” (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy (Mikaberidze, 1047). The Congress of Vienna played an important role of creating peace in the European continent after the Napoleonic War, with two significant foreign ministers of two nations, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria and Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France.
Voltaire once stated, in France the traveler changed the laws as often as he changed horses. Prior to the revolution, France practiced under multiple laws and each region even used their own customs to govern. The North and South provided the greatest divide, the northern region of France practiced under customary law, whereas the South practiced under Roman law. The divide in laws within regions and throughout the entire state of France brought on turmoil and friction when the issues were brought before each region. France longed for a reform, arguing, “the law was so confusing that nobody, even the judges, were able to understand it with certainty and, therefore, people were at the mercy of the courts.” Napoleon sought to resolve the divide and unify France under the Civil Code and instate a law that individuals have legal rights and protection. Through the Civil Code, all regions and territories under France’s rule were governed under its law, thus eliminating the friction among the
This war as referred by some people was indeed a great war. It affected all the nations of the world, from Europe to Africa. Today its effects are still felt. It was mainly among Britain, Austria, United States, Germany, Russia and France. These nations mobilized masses in other countries to fight against their enemies. There was political reformation in the whole world. The war is believed to have been greatly fueled by religious differences. Most of the political reformation was on religious grounds. Serbia matched with Russia as they shared the same doctrines, Croatia joined forces with Austria. Bosnia supported the Ottoman Empire. The war was catalyzed when Germany declared its support for Austria against the Serbs. This angered Russia and awakened British and French. Treaties were formed and the result was Europe being divided into two blocs. France Britain and Russia came to fight against Germany, Italy and Austria. Diplomacy disappeared and it was all about war.