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Merits of jean piaget theory of cognitive intellectual development
Strengths and weaknesses in jean piaget's theory of cognitive development
Merits of jean piaget theory of cognitive intellectual development
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The extended reading I choose for this semester is The Most Human Human by Brian Christian. The topic of this book is the Turing Test, which is a test for judging the intelligence level of artificial intelligence. In the book, the author starts a discussion to compare the human’s brain structure to AI’s logic judging process. He uses some of his experience as a judge in Turing test with AI to illustrate their minds are still immature for a human. But at the end of the book, Christian states his prospect based on his experience and understand with AI that the potential ability of the AI would be powerful to become a spirit that beyond human’s level to understand. He notes, “Who make machines smarter than themselves, and so on, and the whole …show more content…
Based on a book The Psychology of Intelligence by Jean Piaget (2005), he identifies two life forms of intelligence and the social influence on them, “Affective life and cognitive life, then, are inseparable although distinct. They are inseparable because all interaction with the environment involves both a structuring and a valuation, but they are none the less distinct, since these two aspects of behavior cannot be reduced to one another.” (p.6) so more practically, our human intelligence is easy to define individually; let anyone pass an IQ test and the result is apparent. But to identify the original intelligence of the brain since its born is a hard thing because the social influence has reshaped the intelligence of that brain. The brain is connected to other brains due to sharing information and knowledge. So the social behavior obtained by human is a value that can influence everyone’s ability. Same to the AI, if we want to build an AI, the process is like tracking a human thinking process despite of any influences from the society. This is difficult because we are unable to track the process of human individually in order to mimic it on the AI as Kerstin Dautenhahn writes, “ However, it is important to realize that these results are not as surprising as they might seem: human intelligence has strong routes in human social intelligence. ”(Kerstin, 2007) Then we have to focus on the area of human thinking process and this is a topic of psychology.
The mentioned intelligence problem is just one of the robotics problems that waiting for psychologists to solve and most of them are important for building the advanced AI. These are some representative combined topics for robotics and psychology to build the Strong
Andy Clark strongly argues for the theory that computers have the potential for being intelligent beings in his work “Mindware: Meat Machines.” The support Clark uses to defend his claims states the similar comparison of humans and machines using an array of symbols to perform functions. The main argument of his work can be interpreted as follows:
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
One of the key questions raised by Rupert Sheldrake in the Seven Experiments That Could Change the World, is are we more than the ghost in the machine? It is perfectly acceptable to Sheldrake that humans are more than their brain, and because of this, and in actual reality “the mind is indeed extended beyond the brain, as most people throughout most of human history have believed.” (Sheldrake, Seven Experiments 104)
What role will computers play in the future? What happens when artificial intelligence gets to the point of actually allowing machines to give birth to original thoughts, or suppose artificial intelligence became identical or superior to human intelligence? While attempting to answer these thought-provoking questions deeper questions arise that are more pertinent in our lives such as what defines being human, or as Morpheous says, “What is…real?” The Matrix as well as the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, by Phillip K. Dick, attempt to answer these questions through different matrices. These matrices are implemented into stories to provoke thought and ask the question, what if?
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
Have you ever wondered how certain individuals have an outrageous IQ score? Do you believe someone’s intelligence comes from their cultural back ground or do you believe that intelligence is inherited? This is a controversial topic that has been going on for years. This issue has been looked upon by philosophers in the past and is currently by scientists today. Some individual’s think that intelligence comes from your parents whereas others think intelligence comes from the environment in which you are surrounded in. Intelligence is a skill that allows you to apply and interpret information. Intelligence is important because you will have good comprehension skills and you will also be able to analyze different things. According to the dictionary, intelligence is the ability of acquiring and applying knowledge and skills. However, it’s not that simple, since intelligence is something that is often misunderstood. Some people believe
Artificial Intelligence is a term not too widely used in today’s society. With today’s technology we haven’t found a way to enable someone to leave their physical body and let their mind survive within a computer. Could it be possible? Maybe someday, but for now it’s just in theory. The novel by William Gibson, Neuromancer, has touched greatly on the idea of artificial intelligence. He describes it as a world where many things are possible. By simply logging on the computer, it opens up a world we could never comprehend. The possibilities are endless in the world of William Gibson.
Psychologists adhering to strong AI such as information processing psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can duplicate human intelligence and those adhering to weak AI such as humanistic and rationalistic psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can only simulate human intelligence. The Humanistic psychologists believe that humans have so many unique characteristics such as creativity, and the innate tendency to self-actualization that they cannot be duplicated. Thinking, according to strong AI, is the manipulation of symbols according to rules, and because computer programs manipulate symbols according to rules, they think. For the proponents of strong AI, computers do not simulate human cognitive processes instead they duplicate
Most researchers believe that we are born with a certain intelligence or potential intelligence. They also believe that the intelligence we are born with is difficult to change. Psychologists use short-answer tests to assess one’s intelligence (Gardner papers). It was believed that intelligence was a single inherited thing. Human beings start out initially as a blank slate and could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way (Multiple Intelligences and Education). Currently an “increasing number of researchers believe the opposite. Gardner defined intelligence as: “the ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in culture; a set ...
Since antiquity the human mind has been intrigued by artificial intelligence hence, such rapid growth of computer science has raised many issues concerning the isolation of the human mind.
"The human aspiration to create intelligent machines has appeared in myth and literature for thousands of years, from stories of Pygmalion to the tales of the Jewish Golem." Anat Treister-Goren, Ph.D. (http://www.a-i.com/)
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
On the ‘nature’ side of the debate is the psychometric approach, considered to be the most dominant in the study of intelligence, which “inspired the most research and attracted the most attention” (Neisser et al. 1996, p. 77). It argues that there is one general (‘g’) factor which accounts for intelligence. In the 1880s, Francis Galton conducted many tests (measuring reaction times to cognitive tasks), (Boundless 2013), in order to scientifically measure intelligence. These tests were linked to the eugenic breeding programme, which aimed to eliminate biologically inferior people from society. Galton believed that as intelligence was inherited, social class or position were significant indicators of intelligence. If an individual was of high social standing, they would be more intelligent than those of a lower position. However he failed to show any consistency across the tests for this hypothesis, weakening his theory that social class correlated with intelligence. Nevertheless, his creation of the intelligence test led many to continue to develop...
The approach to artificial intelligence should be proceeded with caution. Throughout recent years and even decades before, it has been a technological dream to produce artificial intelligence. From movies, pop culture, and recent technological advancements, there is an obsession with robotics and their ability to perform actions that require human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has become a real and approachable realization today, but should be approached with care and diligence. Humans can create advanced artificial intelligence but should not because of the harm they may cause, the monumental advancement needed in the technology, and that its harm outweighs its benefits.
Artificial Intelligence is the scientific theory to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. This is going to hold the key in the future. It has always fa...