In 1978 Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China and began an ambitious program of economic reform. Under Deng Xiaoping’s modernization policies, the country was opened to the outside world that foreigners were encouraged to bring technical information and managerial knowledge to China. The new policies encouraged private and collective business, so that higher skill levels of workers were needed to develop the new China. My grandfather, Shidao Liu, is an exemplar of rural people who obtained opportunity to gain a satisfactory job during Deng’s era. The reform leading by Deng benefitted Chinese economic and improved people’s living standard, resulting in more job opportunities were offered to people in rural area.
Chinese economic reforms utilized capitalist techniques, or socialism with Chinese characteristics. The new regime rejected class conflict and emphasized the building of the forces of production through the Four Modernizations of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. Bases on policy changes, this program promoted a decade of "opening" in politics, economics, and culture internationally and domestically. At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in late December, policies involved with the Four Modernizations were clarified: "Carrying out the Four Modernizations requires great growth in the productive forces...diverse changes in those aspects of the relations of production...not in harmony with the growth of productive forces, and...changes in all methods of management, actions, and thinking that stand in the way of such growth."
At first, the reform focused on the farms. Farmers did not gain the right to own their land; however, they got a fifty-year lease that they could ...
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... tModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighligh ting=true&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&ac tivityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK2400000022&source=Bookmark&u=garrisonfor&j sid=9cea840d1c2ee46dfe7d6101bc1784f1. Salem History. Accessed April 20, 2014. http://www.history.salempress.com/doi/ full/10.3331/ GL20C_3661022611?prevSearch=Deng%2BXiaoping&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=02812db19 d39b116a6775948eaeca531. Schoppa, Keith R. The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. New York, The
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Capitalist Road." New York Times, February 20, 1997. Accessed April 21,
2014. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0822.html.
Following the Chinese Revolution of 1949, China’s economy was in ruin. The new leader, Mao Zedong, was responsible for pulling the economy out of the economic depression. The problems he faced included the low gross domestic product, high inflation, high unemployment, and high prices on goods. In order to solve these issues, Mao sought to follow a more Marxist model, similar to that of the Soviet Union. This was to use government intervention to develop industry in China. In Jan Wong’s Red China Blues, discusses Maoism and how Mao’s policies changed China’s economy for the worse. While some of Mao’s early domestic policies had some positive effects on China’s economy, many of his later policies caused China’s economy to regress.
To stimulate growth inland, the Homestead Act was initiated. Many traveled overland by horse and wagon on rutted trails and grassland to find a plot of 160 acres of undeveloped land. They were granted title to the land if they “improved” the plot by building a dwelling and cultivating the land. After five years on the land, farmers were entitled to the property, free and clear.
Through the period of 1865-1900, America’s agriculture underwent a series of changes .Changes that were a product of influential role that technology, government policy and economic conditions played. To extend on this idea, changes included the increase on exported goods, do the availability of products as well as the improved traveling system of rail roads. In the primate stages of these developing changes, farmers were able to benefit from the product, yet as time passed by, dissatisfaction grew within them. They no longer benefited from the changes (economy went bad), and therefore they no longer supported railroads. Moreover they were discontented with the approach that the government had taken towards the situation.
From 100 CE to 600 CE the Chinese had many cultural and political life changes and continuities. A political change was in the end of the Classical Chinese period when the Han Dynasty fell. A cultural change during 100 CE to 600 CE was the paper invention that led to passing down cultural rituals. Not only were there changes but there was also continuities in the Chinese political and cultural life. An example of a cultural continuity is the increasing power of Buddhism. A political continuity is the ruler of the Chinese wanting the people to be protected with for instance The Great Wall of China.
Abbott, Martin. "Free Land, Free Labor and the Freedmen's Bureau." Agricultural History 30.4 (1956): 150-56.
Immigration, the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Throughout the United States’ history, immigrants faced various challenges and especially after 1880. Most immigrants moved to achieve the American dream of having a better life and pursuing their dreams. But, this experience as they moved, was different for every immigrant. Some lives improved while others did not. Immigrants such as Catholics, Italians, and the Chinese were not welcomed into America in the late 19th century and early 20th century because of their differences in beliefs and cultures.
China's Economy and Society in the Late 1940's and 1950's. In 1945, the war with Japan ended. It left China's economy and society in a ruins. The country is divided into two.
The smallholders (farmers) were in “the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political and material ruin” (Foner, 2013,p.642). They have been faced by numerous struggles politically as well as economically. To begin with, they were denied the right to direct vote and choose a representative to remedy their problems. Corruption has manifested through the congress and legislatures. The capitalists hav...
China and Japan both had very relatable experiences from the 1800s to present times, as they both have had to completely or partially abandon prior political polies that were deemed no longer applicable. For example, in 1978 Chinese Chairman Deng Xiaoping abandoned a vast majority of the policies that Chairman Mao Zedong had implemented during his reign. Though Mao considered them all fundamental to communist China, they often did not work or caused more harm than good. For the Japanese, they initially attempted to resist the outside influence of the Americans in the early 1800s, however they were no match against them and implemented Westernization to become a better nation.
Programs such as collectivization and land reformation were essentially a microcosm of Mao's impact on China. Under the policy of collectivization, the government promoted cooperative farming and redistributed the land on the principle that the product of labor could be better distributed if the la...
This paper will illustrate the theoretical framework of Ricardian and Kaldorian Development strategies and outline historical details of China's economic reforms since the late 1970's. Schwartz's framework will then be applied to examine how China employed Ricardian elements of comparative advantages to, initially, shift towards Kaldorian development strategies to overcome Gerschenkronian collective action problems and promote industrial growth and foreign investment. This essay will examine Schwartz's assessment that China faces Kaldorian collective action problems typical of late developers in order to illustrate the China's present and future economic development challenges.
China's capitalism and boom was born when their president, Deng Xiaoping permitted the provinces to dismantle their communes and collective farms. This led China to venture into free-market economics, although they were still under the communist political system. When President Deng announced that they needed Western money and expertise, China flung their trade doors wide open and China went on a capitalist drive without ever looking back. By mid 1960's, the Chinese Revolution settled down to the job of ruling China. Its main goal was essentially nationalist: a prosperous modern economy. While there continued to exist substantially economic inequalities, distribution of wealth was probably a bit more equal than in most Western countries.
This essay has critically analysed and examined the effect of Communism on the Chinese Society during the period of 1946-1964. The overall conclusion that can be drawn is that the Chinese Communist Party managed to defeat the Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party and achieve victory in the Civil War, in spite of alienation by the Soviet Union and opposition from the U.S. This was primarily because of the superior military strategy employed by the Communists and the economic and political reforms introduced by this party which brought more equality to the peasants in the form of land ownership and better public services. This increased China’s production and manufacturing which not only boosted the country’s economy but also provided a more sustainable supply of food, goods and services for the Chinese people.
Urbanization (or urbanisation) is the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. Urbanization has been the result of economic growth for most countries. In fact, every developed nation in the world has gone through urbanization and this is no news to Chinese leaders. To turn the nation of China from being a developing nation to a developed nation, China encouraged the migration of citizens from the countryside to move to large cities and fuel the industrializing nation. Though urbanization has been a process many countries have gone through, China’s urbanization plans are very distinct compared to western examples. The main reason for China’s urbanization distinctions is its sheer magnitude and pace. In this paper, we will review this mass migration, the economic growth, China’s environmental concerns (specifically air pollution) due the urbanization and the focus on industrialization, and we will briefly see China’s newest seven year urbanization plan.
When the new Chinese Government was set up in 1949, the new government faced a lot of problems. First on their agenda was how to re-build the country. As Communist Party of China (CPC) is a socialist party, their policies at the time were similar to that of the Soviet Union’s. Consequently, the CPC used a centrally planned strategy as its economic strategy when it first began. For a long time, the Chinese economy was a centrally planned economy in which none other than the state owned all companies. In fact, there were absolutely no entrepreneurs. As time went on, the problems of a centrally planned economy started to appear, such as low productivity, which was the key reason for restricting the development of China. With the population growing, the limitations of the centrally planned economy were clear. In 1978 China started its economic reform whose goal was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the Chinese economy. In the beginning, in the late 1970s and early 19...