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Urban regeneration in london
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The London Borough of Newham The London Borough of Newham was created in 1965 out of the Essex county boroughs of East Ham and West Ham. These were rural villages until a century ago, and fortunately the medieval parish churches and a few other ancient buildings survive as a reminder of this rustic past. The area has always been a gateway between London and Essex, with farm animals and food produce being raised or passing through Newham for London markets and manufactured goods coming out of London to serve local needs. The availability of water power (the River Lea) and the absence of strict London guild controls saw Newham grow in the 17th and 18th centuries as an industrial area, with workshops - such as the famous Bow China factory - built along the Lea valley. In the 19th century, when the Royal Docks were built as the hub of imports and exports for the whole British Empire and as other industries grew rapidly thanks to good railway connections, vast numbers of people from Essex and beyond moved into Newham in search of work. West Ham in particular was a major manufacturing centre with chemical, pharmaceutical, retail, railway and printing industries. East Ham was strongly residential, and has a distinctive Victorian and Edwardian architectural heritage, notably its magnificent Italianate town hall. Between the wars, the two boroughs had a joint population of over half a million; the area suffered the worst of the Blitz which left much of the area a wasteland, though there was considerable pride too in the traditional grit and humour which somehow got everyone through. After the war, massive reconstruction and new... ... middle of paper ... ...opment were being drawn up by West Ham Council. The aim was to reduce the population, transfer industry and provide new housing such as that on the Keir Hardie Estate which included also schools and welfare services. Housing schemes in the early post war years followed a ‘garden city’ pattern with low density housing. But supply could not keep up with demand and in 1961 the first high-rise units appeared in Canning Town followed by Scrapbook Point and Dunlop Point in Silver town (1967) and others which took their names from firms that had been in the areas where they now stood, such as Albion and Brocklebank tower blocks in North Woolwich. The collapse of one of the blocks - Ronan Point - in 1968 led to a rethink on high density housing and most of the tall blocks have since been demolished or cut down in size.
In the 1960’s however, Pyrmont-Ultimo was deteriorating at a fast rate and became an unfortunate example of urban decay. The government policy of decentralisation, which is having industries move away from the centre of the city, was having an extreme impact on the suburb’s population. This suburbanisation was caused due to congestion, obsolete plants, an ageing infrastructure, high cost of land and the limited scope for expansion. The railway goods yards were relocated to Chullora when Darling Harbour was redeveloped in the 1970’s and the wool stores moved to Yennora. As there was no longer enough employment for the working class society, the population of Pyrmont-Ultimo declined dramatically which resulted in a reduction in industry. A steady deterioration of services and amenities soon followed with factories and warehouses becoming abandoned and decayed. Another negative impact of this urban decay was the dereliction of the wharves, once central to the industry of the suburb. As there was no public access granted, the wharves were no longer put to good use and became dilapidated.
To appreciate a row house neighborhood, one must first look at the plan as a whole before looking at the individual blocks and houses. The city’s goal to build a neighborhood that can be seen as a singular unit is made clear in plan, at both a larger scale (the entire urban plan) and a smaller scale (the scheme of the individual houses). Around 1850, the city began to carve out blocks and streets, with the idea of orienting them around squares and small residential parks. This Victorian style plan organized rectangular blocks around rounded gardens and squares that separated the row houses from major streets. The emphasis on public spaces and gardens to provide relief from the ene...
Roberts, Robert. The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1971.
St. Louis, Missouri had one of the largest and long lasting Hoovervilles (Source 2). There were also many in Washington, hundreds throughout the country (Source 2). The main Hooverville in Seattle was one of the largest, long-lasting and best documented in America (Source 2). In Seattle many shacks showed up in many places (Source 2). In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in shack towns (Source 2). The city tolerated Hoovervilles before World War II (Source 2). In April, residents of the main shack towns were given notice to leave by May 1 (Source 2). Police officers drenches the little shacks with kerosene and lit them as people watched (Source 2). Tacoma hosted a large Hooverville near the city garbage dump. Residents called it “Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats” (Source 2). By the end of a decade it covered a six block area (Source 2). In May 1942, after Seattle destroyed its Hoovervilles, the Tacoma Fire Dept. burned fifty “Hollywood” shacks (Source 2). But the residents rebuilt and it remained intact through World War II (Source 2). Hoovervilles were common all over the United States especially in
At the novel's end, Esperanza declares that she is too strong for Mango Street to keep her forever. What is the nature of her strength? How does Cisneros establish this characteristic elsewhere in the book?
Why the British Government Decided to Evacuate Children from Britain's Major Cities in the Early Years of the Second World War
The construction of Denver International Airport (DIA) has lead many theorists to nickname it “Area 52”. To get such an outlandish name would warrant some strange that have to be going on within the airport, and indeed there is. As Hayes points out “Five large buildings were fully constructed and subsequently deemed to have been positioned incorrectly – unusually, they were buried and the current airport constructed on top of the “incorrect” structures” (Hayes 1). More often then not if a building was built incorrectly the contractor would simply knock it down and just start over instead of going through the hassle of burying it. Why in this case was this not done?
In The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, there is an emphasizes on how rough it is to be part of the low economic class . Through her words you can create an image about the way poverty affects children. She goes through the book making great remarks on the topic. The different experiences that Esperanza goes through have a lot to connect with her family's financial status. She specifically describes her feelings about the poverty they live in through three of her short stories. The three short stories in which poverty seems to be an obstacle are The House on Mango Street, Our Good Day, and Chanclas. When the book begins the downgrading of Esperanza's esteem begins with it.
The government evacuated children from major cities in Britain to safer areas of the country in response to a new style of warfare that had emerged from World War One, due to the use of aircraft. Aircraft began to target industrial areas in an attempt to damage a country’s economy, and therefore damage their ability on the front line, and morale. However, accuracy was bad and so bombs often landed off target and injured civilians who worked or lived in the industrial areas. The Government decided that the children needed to be protected as they were the next generation and fewer child deaths meant higher morale for the British people. Bombs were less likely to fall on rural areas of Great Britain and so the government decided to evacuate people who could not help the war effort out to houses, and families, in the countryside.
New Jersey, also known as “The Garden State”, is a small state located in the northeast region of the United States. It contains a variety of land ranging from mountains and ridges to beaches. There are multiple types of ecosystems that inhabit these areas such as forests and wetlands. These ecosystems provide vital economic and ecosystem services to the state and its environment.
The Planning System that Operates in England On researching the planning system that operates in England, it is evident that it is a very complex structure. This planning system is currently going through radical reform, with the government promoting the benefits that this will bring. However, many activist groups are sceptical and openly object to the new structural reforms. 'The planning system is effectively becoming a three tier system, operating at a central government, a regional and a local level', (College of Estate Management). At central government level planning issues are dealt with by the government office, with the Secretary of State, Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR) presiding.
In valuing the developable land at Canary Wharf, there are several factors to take into account. Namely, it is crucial to decide on an appropriate rate at which to discount the projected cash flows for the property. The developable properties of Canary Wharf come with considerable risk. For example, the London office market downturn, as well as significant market hits for the large financial services tenants of Canary Wharf, presents serious tenant lease up and lease covenant negotiation risks. How long will it take to attract quality tenants to the buildings, especially as financial services tenants are currently stressed? Additionally, the requirement for further planning consent on the buildings indicates that construction on three of the sites can not commence for a number of years. How can one accurately predict the market in the future? Will the London Office market significantly improve or continue to decline? What will interest rates look like? Songbird must consider the risk of valuing such sites several years into the future. Further, Songbird must consider the weighty transportation risk. If the Crossrail project does not come to fruition in a timely manner with necessary approvals, development will not proceed as planned, causing cost overruns and heavy construction delays. Assuming that Canary Wharf is able to get the necessary transportation approvals, Canary Wharf's projected cash flows should be discounted at 12.5% in order to mitigate risks to be faced. Given this discount rate, as well as considering all taxes, debt obligations, rents and rent-free periods, and all construction costs, an appropriate bid on the developable sites at Canary Wharf is ₤809,000 (the Net Present Value of the cash flows, discounted at 12.5%). Please see Exhibit 1 for a detailed pro forma of all projected cash flows.
Identity is what makes people who they are. A spirit, individuality, and reminiscence are something that belongs to every individual. Someone might become different; however, profoundly we continue to be the same. “Wakefield” expounds the concept of the story in the shape of an ordinary imaginary- to leave his wife and his home and to realize the consequence that his nonappearance has in the loveliest person’s that he left without any knowledge about him.
When you associate anything with New York City it is usually the extraordinary buildings that pierce the sky or the congested sidewalks with people desperate to shop in the famous stores in which celebrities dwell. Even with my short visit there I found myself lost within the Big Apple. The voices of the never-ending attractions call out and envelop you in their awe. The streets are filled with an atmosphere that is like a young child on a shopping spree in a candy store. Although your feet swelter from the continuous walking, you find yourself pressing on with the yearning to discover the 'New York Experience'.
factor in the final decision. This quantitative method helps determine the best solution for the organization to meet its goals and objectives. The alternative that will garner the most public support is the 2 percent sales tax increase on selective goods and services, such as cigarettes and alcohol. This action will impact fewer citizens and today’s culture highlights healthier living. Implementation of Alternative This summarizes what the Pelham City Council and school board can adopt to prevent children in the northeast subdivisions being “bused” an hour from their homes while simultaneously ensuring Pelham’s schools have the funds to guarantee financial sustainability in their schools.