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Advantages of radar in ww2
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viVigilance tasks require great deal of attention for an extended period of time. (Helton & Warm 2008) People who take place in such tasks usually find themselves struggling to concentrate after a period of time, this leads to decrease of accuracy and speed of the task, also known as vigilance decrement. There have been previous researches that suggest studies that have been the introduction to vigilance decrement theory. During the years of World War 2, radar system were used to detect enemy’s means of transport (submarine) while being under water. (Caggiano & Parasuraman , 2004). The radar monitor was also used couple of years after the world war 2 on Royal Air Force, same results had occurred. (Helton & Warm 2008). It was concluded that there has been a decrease in performance, the longer someone spends staring at radar monitors, their level of vigilance drops significantly. (Caggiano & Parasuraman , 2004) There have been many more studies that were carried for people who work for Macworth, studies showed attention can only be sustain for a short period of time, the longer the period of time was for vigilance task the worse they performed. This has been said for both human beings and non-human beings. (Helton & warm 2008)
Such recent theories related to vigilance decrement suggest that the reasoning behind the vigilance decrement is related to the decrease of “processing resources”. The participants in this experiment was required continuous monitor of the radar screen for a long period. In this time the continuous groups had to either make “targets or neutral stimuli discrimination” with any form of rest or any form of other activity. Considering these things in mind it is suggested that the resource section probably w...
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...ipants in the group have been engaged in the same vigilance experiment for a long period of time, the repetition of the same experiment decreases their vigilance. The conclusion has been drawn after considering the findings in the studies discussed above, all the finding discussed in this report conclude the same thing.
Works Cited
Caggiano, D., & Parasuraman, R. (2004). The role of memory representation in the vigilance decrement. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11(5), 932-937. Doi: 10.3758/BF03196724 (ref 1)
Helton, W.S., & Russell, P.N. (2012). Brief mental breaks and content-free cues may not keep you focused. Experimental Brain Research, 219(1), 37-46. Doi: 10.1007/s00221-012-3065-0
Helton, W.S., & Warm, J.S. (2008). Signal salience and the mindlessness theory of vigilance. Acta Psychologica, 129(1), 18-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.04.002
which play the important role to call for people’ alertness, should have sharp and acute
Though the term “inattentional blindness” would not be conceived until 1998, the concept itself is not new. As cited by Simons and Chabris, Hungarian neurologist and psychiatrist Rezso Balint wrote in 1907 “It is a well-known phenomenon that we do not notice anything happening in our surroundings while being absorbed in the inspection of something…” (1999). Using the term “selective looking,” Ulric Neisser, an American psychologist, demonstrated this idea in 1979. In his study, he instructed subjects to count the number of times a group of participants threw a basketball to each other. While the subjects were focused on this attention demanding task, a woman with an umbrella walked in the middle of the participants. At th...
Classical theories demonstrating the inattentional blindness paradigm are (1) the perceptual load, (2) inattentional amnesia and (3) expectation.
William James, the father of American Psychology was once accused of being absent minded, to which he replied he was just present minded to his own thoughts (Rebecca McMillian Ode to constructive day dreaming). Mind wandering is the experience in which an individual’s thoughts are unable to remain on a single idea, particularly this phenomenon is observed when people are engaged in a task which does not require a great deal of attention (Jennifer McVay, Michael Kane). It is believed that mind wandering mirrors temporary episodes during which ones thoughts compete with the task of processing external information into working memory (Smallwood, Going AWOL). The effects of mind wandering on the processing of external information, as well as the role post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have in this, will be probed further during this review.
Compared with iconic memory representations, VSTM representations are longer lasting, more abstract, and more durable. VSTM representations can survive eye movements, eye blinks, and other visual interruptions, and they may play an important role in maintaining continuity across these interruptions. VSTM is usually considered to be the visual storage component of the broader working memory system. VSTM is thought to be the visual component of the working memory system, and as such it is used as a buffer for temporary information storage during the process of naturally occurring tasks. The role of VSTM in bridging the sensory gaps caused by saccadic eye movements. These sudden shifts of gaze typically occur 2-4 times per second, and vision is briefly suppressed while the eyes are moving. Thus, the visual input consists of a series of spatially shifted snapshots of the overall scene, separated by brief gaps. Over time, a rich and detailed long-term memory representation is constructed from these brief glimpses of the input (Hollingworth, 2004), and VSTM is thought to bridge the gaps between these glimpses (Irwin, 1991) and to allow the relevant portions of one glimpse to be aligned with the relevant portions of the next glimpse (Currie, McConkie, Carlson-Radvansky, & Irwin, 2000; Henderson & Hollingworth,
Attentional blink occurs when there is “a brief slow-down in mental processing due to having processed another very recent event” (Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2009, p. 137). During this timeframe, allotting your attention to the first stimulus deprives you of the attention required for the next stimulus. The types of objects or targets presented can have an effect on the brain’s focus. Stimuli that one associates as emotionally charged can cause the brain to focus more. Less emotional stimuli can cause a forgetting response. The study of the attentional blank is important to consider for many reasons including which occupations could be adversely affected
Caramazza, A., & Coltheart, M. (2006). Cognitive Neuropsychology twenty years on. Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 23, pp. 3-12.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(5): 182-186. Styles, E. A. & Co. a. The adage of the ad The Psychology of Attention. 2nd Edition.
Macleod and Mathews (1991) induced attentional biases within a laboratory setting to determine that a ca...
Though the experiment shows that attention is vital for change detection, we should consider the size/ impact of the change in the environment. If the change to an environment is small, would it result in the change being detected? Do providing little clues draw attention effectively to where the change is being made? In support of this argument, Rensink (1997) showed that even with small clues, if the clue is not directed properly then detecting change will not have an effect. A proposal of Rensink is that the absence of attention will cause visual contents to be missed. On the other hand, Simon and Levin (1998) suggest that a person could miss things happening in their environment if his or her attention is occupied by something
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control process.
Research is sparce on the capacity of attention in a multtask environment. This raises an important question as to what is happening with our attentional system when change blindness occurs. Consequently, There are few studies that explore how auditory and visual stimuli share attention and whether un-related auditory processing could undermine a visual change detection task. Additionally, auditory distractions may prove to have a bigger impact on driving than previously thought. At the very least this study is intended to provide individuals with a convincing argument against using their smart phone while driving an automobile and provide support to similar research studies. More research is necessary to further convince drivers the nature of attentional limitations and change blindness on the road. The present study examines a person’s ability to detect change when their cognitive attention is disrupted by an auditory shadowing task. Our first hypothesis predicts that as the level of mud splash is increased, the reaction time to detect change in a scene will increase. Similar results will be found when the experimental condition adds a low level audio and verbal shadowing
distraction during retrieval affects the quality, not the quantity, of eyewitness recall. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(2), 296-300.
Gluck, M. A., Mercado, E., & Myers, C. E. (2014). Learning and memory: From brain to behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
The Stroop test brought together a set of ten words where the text color was designed to interfere with the participants’ ability to read the color written. Interference was shown to be present but it decreased the more times the experiment was done (Stroop 1935). The Stroop test brought new insight on how the human brain is conditioned to perform tasks that have been repeated over years, such as reading (Stroop 1935). In this within participant experiment, I will be testing the ability to maintain focus on a visual stimuli (the amount of times the dots flash) while an auditory stimuli (honking) is heard in the background. The expected result is for a successful distraction imposed by the auditory