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Nationalisms - the middle east
Nationalisms - the middle east
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where Judaism is practiced that does not agree with Islam (Isseroff). This means that Palestine does not have sovereignty over this area where they feel Islamic culture is being threatened and they are now unable to contain within their borders (Abu-Amr). Also, Israel feels as if they have the right to be considered a state and that they are just as important and should be able to rule their own land without being attacked or not recognized as a state and to practice Jewish ideals (Metcalf). Arab countries feel as if the form of Israel, was a way to move away from normal Islamic culture which is another way that nationalism plays a part in the on-going conflict (Metcalf). Zionism plays a part in the Jewish people of Israel feeling as if
they should have sovereignty in Israel as it is something they deserve just as much as other Arab countries (Metcalf). Nationalism plays a huge part in this conflict because both sides of the issue feel so strongly about their nations, and this stems from the Arabs who were present in Palestine before Israel was created that were disregarded because of the belief of the value and creation of the new Jewish state of Israel (Copeland). Palestinian nationalism can also be dated back to when the Ottoman Empire was in control of Palestine and Palestine fought back to regain their territory (Isseroff). This can promote nationalism in the sense that Palestinian’s have fought and risked their lives for their territory years back (Isseroff). Ultimately, Jewish and Arab culture oppose each other because of the strong sense of nationalism and need for sovereignty of each. Power is defined as a way to control or change the way people act by attaining material or immaterial attributes (Goldstein). The idea of soft power has to do with the way a state acts and how this affects what other states may do, because of the popularity among other states of these specific actions or ideals, such as things like religion or government support (Goldstein). Hard power is when a state influences other by more material items such as military force or territory (Goldstein). These ideas of power also are involved in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as
To what extent did the events in World War II help the creation of the State of Israel?
The ideas of David, Reuven and other reform Jews sparked new interest in the notion of a Hebrew state in Palestine. Zionism was an idea with a long history, but it starts to involve the characters of The Chosen and picks up intensity after the Holocaust.
On November 29, 1947, the United Nations voted for a partition resolution that led to the establishment of the nation of Israel in May, 1948. This was great news for Jews in Palestine and the diaspora as it meant the fulfillment of the quest for the rebirth of their nation in their previous homeland after many years of wandering (Pappe, 2006, p. 12). However, their Palestinian Arab counterparts opposed to the establishment from the start felt cheated by the international community and remained categorical that the final answer to the Jewish problem would only be solved in blood and fire (Karsh, 2002, p. 8).
There are many factors which lead to the Holocaust, however anti-Semitism was the greatest cause of the conflict. Anti-Semitism is the common name for anti Jewish sentiments. During Hitler was in power, anti-Semitism was used by the Nazis too carry out the Endlosung, which means “final solution to the Jewish Question” (“The Roots of the Holocaust”). However, anti-Semitism was not something that was created by Germany. Through centuries, Jews were a persecuted people. Jews have faced heavy discrimination throughout the Middle Ages, 1800s and mid early 1900s.
Zionism is a political organization that dated back in the Jewish and Judaism history; however, after 1897, Theodor Herzl is said to have redefined it the political Zionism, hence he is referred by historians as the father of political Zionism. From 1870 to 1897, the Hovevei Zion are said to have created the original 20 Jewish settlement in Palestine. Prior to the incident of the Holocaust, political Zionism main objective was to create a Jewish National Home along with a cultural center within Palestine, this was to assist in Jewish Migration; however, following the Holocaust, it changed its goals into formation of a Jewish State, with this objective being realized through the formation of Israel in 1948.
Adolf Hitlers’ Mein Kampf published July 18, 1925 outlined Hitler’s plan to reform Germany based on one true race. During this time period; shortly after World War One, Germany was on the bridge of economic, political, and social shambles. In 1919 the signing of the Treaty of Versailles threw Germany even closer to self destruction. The Treaty proposed new sanctions and relinquished territories from Germany, while in essence burdening the cost of the war on Germany. During this time of hardship the German people looked for a hero and a savior, who appeared in the image of Adolf Hitler bringing with him new ideas and a plan to return Germany to its hight in power. Based on the passage “A New form of Anti-Semitism” Hitler used the platform of anti-semitism to tighten his grip on an already weakened Germany referencing all that was wrong with the Jewish race and demeaning their purpose for existing. This one novella resulted in the rise of a new political party who tightened its grip on Germany and led to horrors in another World War that had never been seen before.
and from the Arabs; it decided it was too much hassle and gave up its
After World War II, the United Nations handed the Jewish people a piece a land so they could live together. This land known as Israel has holy places for the Jewish religion and is surrounded by Muslim countries. Before the United Nations relinquished the land to the Jewish people it belonged to the Palestinian Muslims. This land is important to the Muslims as they consider it holy. There is a religious belief among Palestinians to regain control of East Jerusalem as part of lasting peace region. Also Palestinians are in an occupied nation with Israelis have military rule. The Palestinians have retaliated with a terrorist network to attack innocent Israeli civilians. Israelis believe they must control the Palestinians with military force to protect against terrorism.
Prior to and after WWI the world saw a rise in nationalistic sentiments. The Middle East was not immune to this new ideology. Although Arab Nationalism had a start in the Ottoman Empire, its rise among the masses did not begin until after WWI. While a total rise in Arab Nationalism became apparent on the Arabian Peninsula, a separate nationalist movement began in Palestine as a way to combat a unique and repressive situation. In Palestine the British mandate, along with British support, and the world's support for Zionist immigration into Palestine, caused a number of European Zionists to move into the country. These factors created an agitated atmosphere among Palestinians. Although there was more than one factor in creating a Palestinian-centered Arab Nationalism, the mounting Zionist immigration was among the most prevalent of forces.
Zionism declares that “the Jews are more than a purely religious body, they are not only a race but also a nation” (Berkowitz 376). Theodor Herzl, the father of political Zionism, states, “We are a people- one people.” Both Herzl and Berkowitz have interesting key points about a Jewish State, the Jewish religion in general, and how to solve current issues in the religion. A State is formed by a social contract and is still being created today. Rousseau states, “The conditions of this contract are so precisely defined by the nature of the agreement that the slightest alterations would make them null and void. The consequence is that, even where they are not expressly stated, they are everywhere identical, and everywhere tacitly accepted and recognized.” States are mainly created by a nation struggling with social and political disputes. They are difficult to form because of opportunities for land. For example, most territories form because of breaking off from their mother countries. “We depend for sustenance on the nations who are our hosts, and if we had no hosts to support us we should die of starvation.” Herzl states that Jews have been faithfully repeating Anti-Semite’s words because of unjust accusations and the need to realize that the world is always changing and adding new properties.
Anti-semitism has been around for a long time. So long that it dates back to the third century, and it’s still a problem today. Anti-semitism has started wars, created genocides and aided in countless unadulterated murders. One example of anti semitism happened just last month in Kansas City, KS, when a massacre happened at a Jewish community center.
Since the inception of an Israeli nation-state in 1948, violence and conflict has played a major role in Israel’s brief history. In the Sixty-One year’s Israel has been a recognized nation-state, they have fought in 6 interstate wars, 2 civil wars, and over 144 dyadic militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) with some display of military force against other states (Maoz 5). Israel has been involved in constant conflict throughout the past half century. Israel’s tension against other states within the Middle East has spurred vast economic, social, and political unity that has fostered a sense of nationalism and unity in Israel not seen in most other states. Over the next several pages I will try and dissect the reasons for why the nation state of Israel has been emerged in constant conflict and how this conflict has helped foster national unity and identity among the people of Israel.
Anti-Semitism, a hatred of Jews, has been present for centuries in many places. However, the term ‘Anti-Semitism’ itself only came into use in the nineteenth century, and along with it came an ideology which fuelled this deep psychological hatred to develop into a political movement which culminated in Nazism. Throughout history, the reasons for Anti-Semitism have differed and in Imperial Germany, it was a combination of religious, racial and political factors which led to such hostility toward Jews. However, the economic state of the nation is often thought to be the main reason behind the way in which Jews were treated during this period.
Hitler and the Nazi regime implemented anti-Jewish policies between 1933 and 1945 in order to fulfill their evolving “solution to the Jewish problem:” Limited Solution, Situational Solutions, and Total Solution. The “Limited Solution” started in 1933 and continued until 1939. “Situational Solutions” started in 1939 and continued until 1942. “Total Solution” approach began in 1942 and ended in 1945 when the war liberated the Jewish communities.
Palestine (and Israel) is a small area in the Middle East that is on the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and borders the nations of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. On May 14, 1948, the state of Israel was declared by the Jewish Peoples council. Following this act, the Arab people of the surrounding countries attacked the new Israeli state. However Israel prevailed, and took almost all of the land previously designated to be ...