Chemistry has lots of charming facts; one such is hetero cyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen as the heteroatom. The ring may be aromatic or non-aromatic. Every first step of life starts with hetero-cyclic compounds. Every man's potential to think, intelligence, behavior, character depends on his gene. The basic skeleton of the genetic material (DNA) is made up of heterocyclic compound like adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Thus knowing about heterocyclic compound and its application is part of venturing human life. The different pharmacological activity of the different hetero cyclic compounds ring , from a last related to this moiety and screened them for their different pharmacological activities to get a molecule which have good pharmacological activity and lesser side effect. These pharmacological activities of new hetero cyclic derivatives this hetero cyclic has shown its importance as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, anti-malarial, analgesic, anticancer …show more content…
Medicinal chemistry like synthetic chemistry comprises both art and science. It requires comprehensive mind to collect and synthesize mountains of data; chemical and biological.
Pharmaceutical chemistry is “The Chemistry of Drugs” which utilizes the general laws of chemistry to study drugs and its various applications. Hence, it can be summarized that pharmaceutical chemistry is the study of physical and chemical properties of drugs, their preparation, chemical composition, nature, behavior, structure and influence on an organism, conditions of their storage and therapeutic uses of the
The analysis is therefore one of the most effective methods of ensuring that each drug being prescribed to patients is safe. It also ensures that all drug components are understood in terms of their structure and chemical behavior. This understanding is very important in the manufacture of drugs and other pharmaceutical products.
Chemical reactions: Consultation/reference to literature should be considered as the use of well documented chemical reactions for the synthetic route will lead to higher yields and less impurities.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
Compounds resulting from heterocyclic chemistry form a huge family of variations of organic compounds with cyclic or acyclic structures having carbons and at least another element with the most common being sulfur, oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen 49. Such heterocyclic compounds must have their rings having heteroatoms and the rings could be unsaturated or saturated as well 1. These compounds are usually classified as aromatic or alicyclic heterocycles 6. The latter contain cyclic analogues of thioethers, ethers and amines 6. It has been studied before that the families of nitrogen- sulfur heterocycles have aromatic compounds that are very stable19. Also, fluorinated compound using trifluoromethyl group is often used to reduce in vivo metabolism of potential drugs, in addition to improving cellular membrane permeability (LogP)88. Sulfur and Nitrogen organic compounds heterocycles are basically drawn from aromatic heterocycles realized when a heteroatom occupies the position of a carbon atom in the ring of an organic aromatic
Health, how it is defined and how it is maintained, is a reflection of the dominant ideology in a certain society. The medical system of Western countries, including Australia, is based on the biomedical model of health or biomedicine. According to Lord Nigel Crisp, who is a global health reform advocate, former Chief Executive of the National Health Service (NHS) in United Kingdom (UK) and previous Permanent Secretary of the UK Department of Health, Western scientific medicine and the health systems based on them have exhibited spectacular success in improving health over the last century and it has come to dominate medical thinking, habits and institutions globally. It also served as the guide for health regulating bodies including the World Health Organization, health care professional associations and pharmaceutical companies. He argued, however, that presently Western scientific medicine is no longer capable of solely managing the health demands of peoples in both the industrialised and developing countries. There is a need to adapt and absorb new ideas to be able to meet the demands of the twenty first century(Marble, 2010). In order to get a better understanding of the current health system in Western societies this paper attempts to take a closer look at the development of scientific medicine as the foundation of modern medical practice. In addition to the overview of biomedicine, a few of the challenges to its discourse will also be presented throughout the discussion.
Since my early schooling days, science and mathematics have always fascinated me given that all components of the world are explained on the basis of these disciplines. In this regard, Pharmacy which is based on Chemistry and Mathematics has interested me a great deal as it has direct impacts on our daily lives. The more I have become familiar with the chemistry and mathematics knowledge involved in pharmacy, the more I have appreciated its significance in improving the lives of people in the community. Out of the many careers that one would opt to pursue, Pharmacy has stood out as the career that will enable me serve the society more directly and have a real impact in the quality of peoples’ lives by touching their health. In addition, I love a career that is challenging and one that I will be involved in even in old age. In this case, Pharmacy offers me this opportunity. My interest in Pharmacy has also developed from my personal health experiences and becoming aware of its expansiveness. Every time I have had to take medicine to cure an illness, I have become more interested to know how drugs are made and how the drug components work in the human body to alleviate pain and restore health. I desire to pursue a career in Pharmacy so as to gain practical experience in these aspects of research.
Pharmaceutical patents are patents for inventions within the pharmaceutical industry. Patents give exclusive rights to an invention for a product or a process of making a product [1]. There are many aspects to patents in the pharmaceutical industry that are both pros and cons; it just depends on what industry you are in. Pharmaceutical companies take out patents so they can regulate the market and restrict competition from other companies. By obtaining patents, pharmaceutical companies also attract investment.
Competently completing the design and synthesis of small molecules - Provide support to the internal medicinal chemistry effort. - Take a leadership role in balancing the network of the collaborators - Analyse, interpret and communicate results to a variety of audiences - Design and synthesize target molecules, provide evidence of strong scientific and
Practical work in science has several purposes including: practicing skills, developing specific knowledge and understanding of science, and developing an understanding of the processes of scientific enquiry. It has the potential to contribute to meaningful learning in science (SCORE) (2008). However, the present study was considered a number of factors that influencing practical works in chemistry in secondary schools a case of Wolaita zone, Ethiopia. Key factors among them are teachers’ poor knowledge of practical work, full timetable of chemistry teacher for the theoretical classes, absenteeism of the teacher at practical classes, late commencement of teaching practical class; lack of awareness and motivation from school managements and unsafe working environments, lack of separate chemistry laboratory, lack of equipment in the laboratory, number of students larger than the
More than 45 million chemical compounds are known and the number may increase in million every year, without cheminformatics, the access of these huge amounts of information is very difficult.
So from last many thousands years the medicinal plant being used by humans for different therapeutic purpose and are changed to modern medicine like many modern drugs originated from plant source. Many of the life saving drug are isolated/extract from medicinal plant examples include Vincristine (Vinca), digoxin (Digitalis), quinine (cinchona bark), Atropine (Datura), Artimicine (Artimisia annua), morphine (from the opium poppy) (Vickers and Zollman, 1999). As per WHO the uses of herbal drug was increased day by day to two- three time more as compared to conventional drug in different form like nutraceuticals, ayurvedic drugs, traditional chinse medicine, Functional food etc (Evans, 1994).
Pharmacy compounders compounded a selection of necessary things like medications, dyes, incense, perfumes, ceremonial compounds, preservatives and makeup. Alchemy is an influential tradition that practitioners have. Alchemy eventually played a big role in the creation of modern day pharmacy and the principles of compounding. In the Islamic world in particular, Muslim pharmacists and chemists developed radical methods of compounding drugs. The first drugstores were opened by Muslim pharmacists in Baghdad in 754.
Pharmacology is the science of drugs (from Greek pharmakos which means medicine or drug; and logos which means study). In actual use, it's meaning is limited to the study of how drugs and other substances affect our bodies. It has been defined as an experimental science which studies how substances that have entered our bodies affect our organism. The main tasks of pharmacologists are screening for desired activity, determining mode of action, and quantifying drug activity when chemical methods are not available.[1]
Traditional Medicine: A Modern Context. Modern medicine is finally starting to accommodate traditional medicine, though traditional medicine is still overlooked or regarded as a primitive form of treatment, providing nothing but placebo effects. According to the American National Cancer Institute, modern medicine is: A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. NCI, para. -. 1)
Nowadays, there is increasing number of people take pharmacy as their profession. As everyone knows, there is many practice area for pharmacists like community pharmacist, hospital pharmacist, industrial pharmacist and academic pharmacist. Other than that, there are few specialties in pharmacy ...