Mankind, especially in the past two centuries, has striven for a science of history that is capable of fathoming the laws governing man’s collective activities. A science of history, as obvious by the outpouring of historical theories in the past two centuries, is a relatively recent acquisition purely developed through the presence of an historical sense. The development of an historical sense can be attributed to the dismissal of the notion that supernatural beings, ideal agencies, or invariant courses are recourses for the formation, reformation and transformation of the superstructures of societies[]. With the loss of a dominating religious there came a need for an answer to an increasingly important question of the fundamental causes of …show more content…
A corrupt ‘Communist’ regime, the Soviet Unions’ collapse does not show the fault of Historical Materialism, as the stepping stone of Capitalism to Communism was not fully developed before Communism was imposed. As Historical Materialism described the necessity of the completion of one epoch to another, Marxism cannot be faulted for Joseph Stalin 's overambitious belief that the Soviet Union was prepared for a workers’ state. Nonetheless, a barrage of criticism soon ensued continuing to modern times, with Feminist historians critiquing Historical Materialism. Under a feminist critique historical materialism, concerned economics and class structure, and often appeared inadequate; with this newly-consolidated hostile group arguing that discourses of sexuality are central in understanding power in Western society. Limitations imposed by mundane, material reality evident in Historical Materialism also surfaced in Marx’s belief of lack of sacrifice of individuality in Communism despite collective contribution to a collective freedom, the thought that there would be no tension between one’s own desires and the community’s needs, and the consideration that mankind’s expression of creative natures would typically always align with work as ones optimal contribution to production. Broadly, Marxism lost much credibility due to the assumptions on which Marx based the …show more content…
Re-emergence of interest in social history owes much to the work of a specific generation of British Marxist historians, amongst them E.P. Thompson and Christopher Hill. The Making of the English Working Class, by E.P. Thompson, was one of the most widely influential historical texts of the second half of the 20th century[][]. Published in 1963, this book was an influential, pivotal and enriching text which enlarged the conception of working class history. With reference to popular culture such as religion, festivals, and beggars, along with inclusion of traditional elements such as trade unions and real wages, Thompson was able to escape the old Marxist assumptions of Historical Materialism which propelled him into modern relevance. His rejection of components of Marx’s Historical Materialism were forged in his break from Stalinism and his exit from the Communist Party of Great Britain. Thompson claimed his turn away from orthodox Historical Materialism was due to its malleability, making it ‘a bad and dangerous model, since Stalin used it not as an image of men changing in society but as a mechanical model’. His histories, with a broad outline of the deficiencies of the orthodox Marxist theory, rejected three basic Marxists concepts: the primacy of economic
In order to establish whether Lenin did, indeed lay the foundation for Stalinism, two questions need to be answered; what were Lenin’s plans for the future of Russia and what exactly gave rise to Stalinism? Official Soviet historians of the time at which Stalin was in power would have argued that each one answers the other. Similarly, Western historians saw Lenin as an important figure in the establishment of Stalin’s socialist state. This can be partly attributed to the prevailing current of pro-Stalin anti-Hitler sentiments amongst westerners until the outbreak of the cold war.
In a comprehensive summary and analyzation of the history of mankind’s record of affairs, Mark T. Gilderhus tackles the many aspects of the overall biography of human existence. Through scrutiny of the goals of past and present historians, a brief explanation of the origins of historiography, a thorough exploration of the philosophies behind history, and a review of the modern approach to past events, Gilderhus sums up the entirety of historical thought in one hundred and twenty-five pages. His superior knowledge is exemplified through his work which effectively conveys the full extent of historiography.
What more is the point of learning and understanding human history than obtaining the knowledge and structure between what is right and what is wrong? We continuously believe that we as humans have the ability and intellect to learn from the lessons taught in our past in order to enrich our future. In comparison to the time frame that is human history the one hundred year period of time we discussed in the second halve of this semester is nothing but a slight blimp on the map that we have traversed. Yet, throughout our recent readings we can easily assimilate into the idea that although time may pass, and that we may attempt to learn from our history it is simply in human nature to repeat the mistakes that we have
A. Soviet History. Marxists.org. 2010. Web. The Web. The Web.
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a short publication that contains Marx’s and Engel’s theories on the nature of society and politics, as well as class struggle, problems with capitalism, and how to slowly change the government from capitalist to socialist and finally communist. The start of the first chapter in the essay, "Bourgeois and Proletarians", states ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’ (...
Karl Marx 's writing of ‘The Communist Manifesto’ in 1848 has been documented by a vast number of academics as one of the most influential pieces of political texts written in the modern era. Its ideologically driven ideas formed the solid foundation of the Communist movement throughout the 20th century, offering a greater alternative for those who were rapidly becoming disillusioned and frustrated with the growing wealth and social divisions created by capitalism. A feeling not just felt in by a couple of individuals in one society, but a feeling that was spreading throughout various societies worldwide. As Toma highlights in his work, Marx felt that ‘capitalism would produce a crisis-ridden, polarized society destined to be taken over by
Somewhat like Mill, Marx’s idea of communism states that women and children will be relieved of their lives as “simple articles of commerce…[and] mere instruments of production” (Marx 173), and be given more freedoms under his political ideology. Despite these few similarities, the principles of Marx and Mill could not be any more different. As part of The Communist Manifesto,
This theory views history of human beings as a succession of modes of production to meet human material needs. This mode of production determines the social relation that would exist among a society. According to the theory, when a change in mode of production takes place, there will be a conflict “between the forces of production and the social relations of production” ("Marx And Historical Materialism")
This paper is intended to assess key ideas of Marxism with observations of the positives and negatives it brought and the reasons why the concepts failed. The word “communism” is generally linked to “Marxism”. Since Marx along with Friedrich Engels published the cutting-edge thesis, The Communist Manifesto in the middle of the 19th century, it conceived the new dimension for both politics and economics. Before turning to the principles of the Manifesto, it is useful to present the brief historical background of the era, and understand why it affected the ideology. Predominantly the Industrial Revolution (IR) and the Great Revolution in France (FR) transformed the society as follows: creation of conditions for capitalism by destroying feudalism.
In his Manifesto of the Communist Party Karl Marx created a radical theory revolving not around the man made institution of government itself, but around the ever present guiding vice of man that is materialism and the economic classes that stemmed from it. By unfolding the relat...
The patterns of living that the world witnesses today are greatly influenced by history. This is because of the fact that history plays an immense role in forming one’s future; the abundant interactions socially, economically, politically, result in repercussions that can hardly be unraveled. However, this does not in anyway mean that one cannot trace today’s state of affairs back to its roots. Tracing today’s occurrences back to their origin is possible due to the fact that the agents’ (nations) origins are known.
Marx, in his theory of historical materialism, advocates that political and historical events result from the conflict of social forces. His theory focuses on the class struggles and the human attempts to control and dominate the natural environment. Profits obtained by the capitalists are a result of the workers being exploited. This conflict will lead to a revolution in which the workers control the state. Thus, capitalism will be replaced by socialism. The result is freedom for all. In the Soviet Union, the lower class overthrew the ruling class and created a new mode of production. This new economic base then determined political, social and ideological changes in its society. The failure of the Soviet Union impacts the validity of Marxian historical materialism because it discredits materialistic
The end of 19th century, Western Society was changing physically, philosophically, economically, and politically. It was an influential and critical time in that the Industrial Revolution created a new class. Many contemporary observers realized the dramatic changes in society. Among these were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who observed the conditions of the working man, or the proletariat, and saw a change in how goods and wealth were distributed. In their Communist Manifesto, they described their observations of the inequalities between the emerging wealthy middle class and the proletariat as well as the condition of the proletariat. They argued that the proletariat was at the mercy of the new emerging middle class, or bourgeoisie, and could only be rescued by Communism: a new economic form.
According to most historians, “history is told by the victors”, which would explain why most people equate communism with Vladimir Lenin. He was the backbone of Russia’s communist revolution, and the first leader of history’s largest communist government. It is not known, or discussed by most, that Lenin made many reforms to the original ideals possessed by many communists during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He revised Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ theories to fit the so-called ‘backwardness’ of the Russian Empire. Lenin’s reforms were necessary to carry out a socialist revolution in Russia, and the contributions he made drastically changed the course of history. It can be assumed that, the Soviet Union would not have been as powerful if it was not for Lenin’s initial advocacy of violence and tight organization.
Comparing with Idealism, which stressed the human ideas’ capabilities in shaping societies, I felt historical materialism was more realistic and applicable. Despite the communism’s unclear future, the equation between mode of production and consciousness (or ideas and values) was very understandable and logical. I was convinced by the theme of historical materialism, which was “life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.” (Marx 155)