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Gender and sexuality in later medieval europe
Sexuality in the middle ages essay
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Soranus still did not list all the contraceptives that were found in the Middle Ages. Others included herbs and complex ideas. One complex idea was that “a woman should carry the heart of a hare as an amulette with her,” to prevent a pregnancy. Some of the herbs that were commonly used as emmenagogues and abortifacients were “beaten wormwood, pennyroyal, century plant, thyme, rue” and others. One of the more common emmenagogues was rue, a perennial herb that grows to three feet tall and has a bluish green flower. Another more common abortifacient was Artemisia which is a species of wormwood. Artemisia was said to “protect from the pangs of childbirth.” It was never stated whether it prevented or terminated a pregnancy.
Today both rue and
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Also, if a family were fearful of excessive hardships that have multiple children brought they may choose to use coitus interruptus, these three reasons for using it [coitus interruptus] were not prohibited. While using it for fear of having female children and worrying about arranging a marriage for them and for fear of the pain that would come with birth were corrupt because they went against what the religion believed.
The Muslims’ motives for using coitus interruptus are similar to reasons why Christian women used superstitions and herbs as birth control. Even though the practice of coitus interruptus was done mostly by Muslims, Christians probably used this form of contraception. Pierre J. Payer hinted that coitus interruptus was used by Christians when he discussed the “vice against nature” in his book Sex and the New Medieval Literature of Confession 1150-1300. Coitus interruptus is an example of “emitting semen in a place or vessel designed for that
However, this approach has many challenges for which solutions have been elusive to date. Ideally, methods for contraception of wild horses should be safe and reversible, effective for several years, practical to administer and be of a reasonable cost and whilst having minimal effect on reproductive and/or harem behavior. This ensures the methods that are used to control the reproductive cycle are considered to be humane and ethical.
As we studied in class, early Indian culture and society in 300 C.E., the Hindu society was dominated by the caste system, which influenced almost every aspect of life. Each caste had its own particular dharma, carrying with rights, obligations and restrictions. Beyond this was a generalized dharma applicable to all: deference to the Brahmins, devotion to the gods, and reverence for the Ganges and for sacred cattle (Connections, Pg. 58). Procreation too, was considered a sacred duty: large families were seen as blessings from the gods, and any attempt to limit family size was frowned upon (Connections, Pg. 58). Since reproduction was essential to reincarnation, for most people marriage and parenthood were moral obligations.
Since 1912 Sanger had dreamed of a pill that would provide cheap, safe, and effective contraception. In 1951 Margaret Sanger met Dr. Gregory Pincus, a biologist whose expertise was in the field of fertility. Planned Parenthood Federation of America provided a grant to research the effect of progesterone on ovulation. Dr. Pincus’ research supported earlier findings that progesterone acts as an inhibitor to ovulation. With these findings, Margaret Sanger was able to convince Katherine McCormick, a wealthy heiress, to provide the funding for Dr. Gregory Pincus to develop the first birth control
...ne was reared in could have given him this fear of punishment on his female relatives if they did not live up to the moral and social standards of the church; he may have even feared for their lives as he wrote about the fates of women in his two works above that did not live up to the standards of man or the congregation.
This lecture on the Pill will focus on the introduction, controversies, and outcome of women’s control of contraception during the mid 20th century. It will also discuss how the Pill became an influential stepping-stone for women activists. I chose to focus this discussion on three questions. First, what did the Pill teach us about the role of women in the middle 20th century? Second, what were the arguments for and against the Pill? Lastly, how safe was the Pill and what effects did women experience from taking it? By centering in on these questions, I hope to provide insight on the struggles women faced before and after this birth control technology became readily available to women in the United States.
"This is the heart of our struggle over abortion, for it is a struggle between gods." said United Methodist pastor Reverend Marc Rogers. "The worship of this false god, the god of abstraction, is killing us literally - - killing not only unborn children, but killing our nation and our church." The FIGO Committee for the Study of Ethical Aspects for Human Reproduction does not agree with this view. "Selective reduction of a multiple pregnancy is not an abortion procedure because the intention is that the pregnancy continues," says the Committee. In many cases, if no fetuses are aborted, all of the fetuses will die. A couple that has had their first success at getting pregnant after a long time of infertility, whether by in vetro fertilization or through sex, is not guaranteed to have a second chance at having children. Often, a fetus in the womb will contract disease that could potentially spread to the others, also causing risk for failure. Using selective reduction to increase the chances of having any children at all instead of no children should not be looked down upon by anyone.
For centuries women have tried many means to prevent pregnancy. As far back as the
Hiding behind the idea of “restoring” one’s menses, abortion was practiced throughout colonial America. However, abortions weren’t fully considered to be so until after the quickening in pregnancy. Quickening was marked by when the baby would kick, so in a time when not that much was known about the female body quickening was the only thing that confirmed if a woman was pregnant or not. The opinion on abortifacients changed over time and was dependent on who was taking advantage of them. People seemed to be more concerned about the fact that abortions were used to cover up the sin of fornication in the 18th century, whereas in the 19th century the more pressing issue was the fact that married upper- and middle-class women were now using abortifacients just to avoid childbirth.
In the early Middle Ages and long before this time, contraception and birth control were easily discussable and were common conversations among people until the mid-fourteenth century (McFarlane & Meier). So why did this information disappear and why is it so difficult to talk about this today? Right about the time that the witch trials began, many birth control methods were lost. It is said to be that most midwives (a person who delivers babies), were killed as witches in the trials, therefore losing information about old contraception methods (McFarlane & Meier). It is then easy to see why birth control and contraception methods were no longer talked about, as they were associated with witches. But in today’s world, about 99% of women
Simonds, W., & Ellertson, C. (2004). Emergency contraception and morality: reflections of health care workers and clients. Social Science & Medicine, 58(7), 1285-1297.
Contraception, contragestion, (preventing the fertilized egg from implantation - morning-after-pill) and the chemical or surgical induction of abortion are all types of birth control routes to prevent or end pregnancy (“What”). Contraception is the devices, drugs, agents, sexual practices, or surgical procedures to prevent a pregnancy. Contraception tends to help a women decide if and when she would want to have a baby (“What”). There are around 17 different types of birth control methods. According to the article from Oxford there are three main categories of contraception. They are the barrier methods, intrauterine, and the hormonal methods (“Contraception”). They vary from a pill, patch, shot, an implant and a condom to name a few. The most common type of contraception for women is the birth control pill. This pill includes estrogen and progestin to stop the release of the egg and thin the lining of the uterus. If the contraception device is used correctly, only about 3 in every 1,000 women will beco...
He concluded three out of every four women said the reason for an abortion was because a child would get in the way of education or professional goals. Seventy-three out of one hundred women said the reason for an abortion was because they were financially unstable, and nearly one out of every two said it was because they did not want to be a single parent, or because she was having problems with her spouse. One out of every three said they were not ready to have a child. Younger women sought abortion because they are just starting their life and they are not prepared to transition to motherhood, while older women did not have the time to be responsible for their upcoming child (Finer 110).
During colonial times abortion was legal before quickening, or about the fourth month of pregnancy, historic colonial home medical guides gave recipes for “bringing up the messes” with herbs that could be grown in anyone’s back yard. Unfortunately these recipe...
First, the pregnancy without readiness because the teenagers has sexual relation “premature” because nowadays it has communication is easy and comfortable. It make teenagers can getting to know it easier and sometime the women it may be deceptive in a way that is not good, for example indecent, fraudulent. Especially the pregnancy has not ready is in school because the women may be problem in social is drop out of school (Growing up global, 2005 p.540) Because of poor academic and the lack opportunities in economic not only economic but also is good occupations and social is good the children of mother have not finish it becomes problem side working, such as cheap labor in the factory. Perhaps someone is pregnant in school have an abortion in the school it help open opportunity for continue to study for the future. Sometime, husband and wife the protection of sexual relation has failed from process condom for example using low quality materials. The causes of the family it reason why want to abortion because not ready take care a baby is born.
Sex is an important yet unmentionable aspect of life, there are certain aspects about it that need to be discussed that people just are not comfortable discussing due to of the taboos that surround sex. One of the most important issues regarding sex is what makes it ethically permissible, is consent enough or is there something more needed? Some philosophers argue that consent is substantial for considering if sex is moral; others disagree and claim that there is more that is needed for ethical sex. I believe that consent is substantial, but the participants need to be getting an equal amount of what they agreed upon and have a balanced relationship for a virtuous sexual act.