The Hukou system is the registered residence component of China’s household registration system. As it is now, the system is often deemed as being unfair. It has prevented every person in a city from having equal claims to services, especially migrant workers. Migrant workers are defined as people who belong to an agricultural household under registration but work a non-agricultural job outside their registered region for half a year or more. As of 2009, migrant workers made up around 17.3 percent of China’s population (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2010). They usually have fewer benefits than other residents, such as less access to social security and limited education options. The Hukou system also removes the right of migration for rural citizens (Cai 2011). Present day migrant workers are showing unrest against the system. They have a higher awareness of their rights, put more emphasis on their personal space and quality of life, and want to move into the city more (Yi-han 2013). The Hukou system should be reformed to become standardized so that every city follows and implements the same conditions. In addition, it should be based on where you live and work, not where you were born. Reformation would allow benefits, incomes, and labor mobility to be boosted. These changes would cause an increase in the number of workers, which would benefit to Chinese economy by raising productivity (China Economic Review 2012). In general, migrant workers are faced with many inequalities compared to other Chinese citizens. Even though they contribute to the cities that they work in by helping to improve economies, they are often segregated from the general population (Kuang and Liu 2012). Migrant workers are much less likely to own a... ... middle of paper ... ... Yaping Zhou. "More than Double Jeopardy: Effects of Gender and Hukou on Employment Opportunities in Urban China." American Sociological Association, 2011: 1126. Wu, Xiaogang. "The Household Registration System and Rural-Urban Educational Inequality in Contemporary China." Chinese Sociological Review, 2012: 31-51. Xiaoling Li, Eva, Abuduhade, Zong Li, Hua Wen, Rong Wen, and Peter S. Li. "Integration of Minority Migrant Workers in Lanzhou, China." Canadian Ethnic Studies, 2013: 117-131. Yang, Juhua, and Chengrong Duan. "School Enrollment of Stay Children, Migrant Children and Other Children with A Rural Registration: An Analysis of China's 2000 Census." American Sociological Association, 2008: 1-23. Yi-han, Xiong. "The New Generation of Migrant Workers and Legitimacy Crisis of Local Citizenship in China." Fudan Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, 2013: 1-24.
Shanghai is one of the most cities with developed economy due to this many people come to the town to find work. During 1983 and 2000 years the number of migrant workers increased from 0.5 million people to 3.87 million people. A large percentage of migrant workers work on manufacturing (25.8%). 19.6% and 13.9% people earn money on construction and trade, respectively. In public organizations often work native citizens than immigrants. In the other spheres such as skill...
Zong L. & Perry, B. (2011). Chinese immigrants in Canada and social injustice: From overt to
For nearly a century, spanning from the latter half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Chinese-Americans and Chinese immigrants endured discrimination from the United States government and its people. The Chinese are another group of people that were treated as less than in America’s long history of legal racism. The Chinese experience is often overlooked as other
The first Chinese immigrants to arrive in America came in the early 1800s. Chinese sailors visited New York City in the 1830s (“The Chinese Experience”); others came as servants to Europeans (“Chinese Americans”). However, these immigrants were few in number, and usually didn’t even st...
Chinese immigrants to the United States of America have experienced both setbacks and triumphs in the quest to seek a better life from themselves and their families. First arriving in America in the mid-1800s to seek jobs and escape poor conditions in their home country, the Chinese found work as labors and settled in areas known as Chinatowns (Takaki 181-183). In the early years, these immigrants experienced vast legal racism and sexism as women were forbidden to enter the country and the Chinese Exclusion Act prevented laborers from entering the country for years (Takaki 184-192). Today, the modern Chinese-American experience has changed from the experience of early Chinese immigrants. Many immigrants enter the country seeking better education as well employment (Yung, Chang, and Lai 244). Immigrant women have made great strides in achieving equality to men. Despite advancements, many immigrants still experience discrimination on some level. One example of a modern Chinese immigrant is “Ruby”, a college student who, with her parents, immigrated from Hong Kong to a suburb of Providence, Rhode Island, 7 years ago. Ruby’s story shares insight on the modern Chinese-American experience and the struggles this group still faces. Chinese immigrants have long maintained a presence in the United States, and despite many struggles, have eventually began to reap the benefits of this great nation.
Under Capitalism, America's free market system offered opportunities of advancing personal interests for laborers while at the same time meeting the labor requirements of our economy. However, once the Chinese immigrants were in the country, capitalism yielded different results for them. The earliest Asian immigrants into any US territory were Chinese laborers in the Islands of Hawaii as early as 1836. These immigrants left a long-lasting impression on industrialists and wealthy European-American through their dedication and hard work (Takaki 21-23). Eventually this led to massive importation of Chinese labor to build everything from cities, bridges and even railroads throughout the rest of 19th century. Since owner can control or decides the labor wage, they had lowered the wage of those jobs to gain the maximum profit. In the west coast numerous Chinese laborers were massively imported as late as early 1900s to build cities. Eas...
Some counties in Zhanjiang had illiteracy rates as high as 41% some 20 years after the revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, basic education was emphasized and rapidly expanded. School wasn’t as popular as it used to be and education started to fall. The amount of Chinese children who had completed primary school increased from less than half before the Cultural Revolution to almost all after the Cultural Revolution (Lieberthal 34). The number of kids who complted junior school rose from 15% to over two-thirds (Lieberthal 34). “The educational opportunities for rural children expanded considerably while those of the children of the urban elite became restricted by the anti-elitist policies” (Liu 67). The leaders of China at the time denied that there were any illiteracy problems from the start. This effect was amplified by the elimination of qualified teachers—many districts were forced to rely on selected students to educate the next generation. In the post-Mao period, many of those forcibly moved attacked the policy as a violation of their human
It is clear that China’s one child policy has affected Chinese society in multiple ways. The policy has resulted in corruption in the Chinese government, an abuse of women’s rights, female feticide, and an imbalance in the gender ratio, and potential problems with China’s elderly and younger populations. The Chinese government decided to implement a one child policy in order to counter the effects of rapid population growth. The question to ask is if the benefits of population control really do outweigh the problems the policy has created in Chinese society. It will be interesting to see if the policy continues to affect Chinese culture in the future, and how the changes that have been recently made play out.
Kwong, Peter. 1999 “Forbidden Workers: Illegal Chinese Immigrants and American Labor” Publisher: The New Press.
Millions of immigrants over the previous centuries have shaped the United States of America into what it is today. America is known as a “melting pot”, a multicultural country that welcomes and is home to an array of every ethnic and cultural background imaginable. We are a place of opportunity, offering homes and jobs and new economic gains to anyone who should want it. However, America was not always such a “come one, come all” kind of country. The large numbers of immigrants that came during the nineteenth century angered many of the American natives and lead to them to blame the lack of jobs and low wages on the immigrants, especially the Asian communities. This resentment lead to the discrimination and legal exclusion of immigrants, with the first and most important law passed being the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, the discrimination the Chinese immigrants so harshly received was not rightly justified or deserved. With all of their contributions and accomplishments in opening up the West, they were not so much harming our country but rather helping it.
In 1950, only 13% of China’s population lived in cities (Seto, n.d.). Post 30 years, one hundred-million people moved to large cities from rural areas in China. This migration was considered the largest migration in human history. To compare this migration to western cities, the example of Shenzhen is used. For a Western city to have a population of three million to increase to ten million, it takes about a hundred years. 30-year old city, Shenzhen on the other hand made this population increase in just a decade (qtd. Caughey and Dawn). Today, over 53.7% of its population lives in cities; by 2020 it is projected that a whole 60% of the population will live in cities (Xinhuanet, 2014).
...h. This can be supported by a study in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences where the average per capita GNP was 4754 yuan whereas the per capita GNP of Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin was 18943 yuan (Mok 2000 , p.29). Thus, this supports the publication made by the World Bank where only the coastal area have a better living standard. Furthermore, in addition to income inequality and regional disparities, economic growth also contributed to the disparity of educational development in different regions. Due to economic decentralization in education, poorer communities lacked the funding in ensuring a quality education. Furthermore, even in Guangzhou which is one of the richest provinces in China, faces education disparity because secondary school in GuangZhou are classified from key-point schools in the city all the way down to low achievers school (Mok 2000 , p.31).
The largest educational system is in china there is a law that makes it mandatory that all Chinese students have nine year of education experience this law was passed in 1986. The importance of having an education is the key to success to be comfortable and abl...
“Marketization of the Chinese labor market and the role of unions.” Global Labour University Working Papers, vol. 4. [03 April 2014] 36. Zhu, Y. & Warner, M. (2000). “An Emerging model of employment relations in China: a divergent path from the Japanese?”
Xiaobo, L., (2011), ‘Two Essays on China’s Quest for Democracy’ Journal of Democracy, 22(1): 154-166.