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Dementia and its effects
I. Reflection on Alzheimer’s
Dementia and its effects
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Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain disease in which damaged and dying brain cells cause mental deterioration over a period of time. The disease affects approximately 4.5 million people in the United States (“Alzheimer’s Disease”-1). This disease is overlooked by many. The history behind Alzheimer’s was an example of never ending investigating. Alzheimer’s disease is named after German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who was the first researcher to describe it. He studied a 51-year-old woman whose personality and mental abilities were deteriorating.The woman was forgetful, became paranoid, and acted strangely. After the woman’s death, Alzheimer examined her brain during an autopsy. He noticed an unusual thickening and tangling of the brain’s nerve fibers (Alzheimer’s Disease”-1). Specifically, he found development of clumps. The clumps are known as amyloid plaques, and the tangled regions are called neurofibrillary tangles. Both are huge parts of Alzheimer’s disease (“Alzheimer’s disease”-2). He also found that the cell bodies and nuclei of nerve cells had disappeared. Alzheimer also noted that these changes indicated some new, unidentified illness. More than seven decades would pass before …show more content…
"Alzheimer’s disease." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030077/SCIC?u=j047902&xid=0e4c1042. Accessed 10 May 2017. "Alzheimer's Disease." UXL Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Amy Hackney Blackwell and Elizabeth Manar, 3rd ed., UXL, 2015. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644300059/SCIC?u=j047902&xid=be88c723. Accessed 10 May 2017. "Alzheimer Disease Plaques Seen With Conventional MRI in Animal Model for the First Time." US Newswire, 27 July 2008. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=j047902&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA181877506&it=r&asid=512e71bd540263fa917e989087d16042. Accessed 10 May
Alzheimer’s disease was first defined in 1906 by a German psychiatrist, Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a progressive brain disorder in which the nerve cells in the brain gradually die off. It is estimated that 26 million people world-wide are afflicted by Alzheimer’s and of those, approximately 4.5 million live in the United States. It is said to be the seventh leading cause of death in the USA and the fifth leading cause of death for those over age 65. Seventeen percent of women and ten percent of men age 55 and older can expect to develop Alzheimer’s (apa.org, 2009). Researchers report that this disease is more prevalent in African Americans and Hispanics than in whites (Crandell, Crandell, and Zanden, 2009, p. 578).
To find the culprit to stop tau proteins and amyloid peptides to function improperly, scientists realized that studying brains at an earlier age when they are alive would be best in their search to find a cure. Studying living brain tissue would introduce a lot more discoveries that dead brain tissue would not offer. Techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) and position emission tomography (PETs) are actually not as helpful in studying living brain tissue because they can provide up to a millimeter of focus on the brain but that would not be adequate to find the formation of the plaques and tangles which need more concentration to about a tenth of a milliliter. But there are new tools like the multi-photon confocal microscope that is better and more precise in looking at brain activity. Also the approval of Amyvid by the FDA has allowed for easier visuals on PET scans because its purpose is to dye the amyloid proteins that could not be seen in regular PET scans. From these astounding innovations, scientists are close to developing genetic tests that could determine the risk of an individual developing Alzheimer’s
Clinically, Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaque between living neurons in the brain (Sabbagh, 2008). This results in an excessive calcium influx inside the neurons and the breakdown of a protein called tau. Normally, the rol...
Alzheimer’s disease, named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, is a disease that is on the rise in America and the rest of the world. People should learn as much as they want about this disease, because as you age, your chances of becoming an Alzheimer’s Disease, or AD, patient increases. It is estimated that approximately 3 percent of Americans between the ages of 65 and 74 have the illness, and more than half of all people over age 85 have the ailment.
Alzheimer’s disease is a complex illness that affects the brain tissue directly and undergoes gradual memory and behavioral changes which makes it difficult to diagnose. It is known to be the most common form of dementia and is irreversible. Over four million older Americans have Alzheimer’s, and that number is expected to triple in the next twenty years as more people live into their eighties and nineties. (Johnson, 1989). There is still no cure for Alzheimer’s but throughout the past few years a lot of progress has been made.
The first case of dementia was discovered in 1906 by a German physiatrist Alois Alzheimer. It was first observed in a female patient and she was forty-one years old her name was Auguste D. Dr. Alzheimer observed a decline in the patient’s cognitive abilities. She lost her memory, she exhibited behavioral issues, and she suffered from hallucinations, lost the ability to comprehend language, disorientation and lost her speech. After Augusta’s passing Dr. Alzheimer preformed an autopsy that showed the classic triangles and knots we associate today with Alzheimer. Those triangles and knots are a proteins and plaque. The brain is self looked smaller and had distinct characteristics. Still with modern medicine the only way to diagnose a person with Alzheimer is after their death with an autopsy. (THE ALZHEIMER'S PROJECT, 2014).
Alzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubules, form a skeleton that maintains the shape of the nerve cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, the tau proteins break loose from their normal location and form tangles. Without the support of these molecules, nerve cells collapse and die. As normal brain structure is lost with progression of the disease, brain function also degenerates. Patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease display a gradual mental decline. Initially, and most apparently, there is a loss of short-term memory. Eventually, as a patient progresses to later stages of the disease, the brain becomes so damaged that patients can no longer communicate or recognize immediate family or even themselves. They have difficulty walking and standing and frequently fall. In the final stages, they lose bladder and bowel control and have difficulty with swallowing, frequently leaving them malnourished and dehydrated. Eventually, they are forced to remain bedridden and, without the help of life-prolonging measures provided in a hospital, die. However, this level of deterioration is severe and may take as long as twenty years. Because of the disease’s slow progress and its usual later start in a person’s life, a victim of AD will usually die first of natural causes. Under the objectives ...
Alzheimer’s disease got its name from the German doctor, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, he noticed that there were abnormal clumps and bundles of fibers i...
Alzheimer's Disease Introduction to Alzheimer's Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain. It was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915). in 1905. This disease worsens with advancing age, although there is no evidence. that it is caused by the aging process.
Scientists know that Alzheimer disease is characterized by a gradual spread of sticky plaques and clumps of tangled fibers that disrupt the organization of nerve cells in the brain. However , a definite cause, prevention, or cause has not been found.
So, as we can see here synaptic loss is not just age related and we can see this relationship through the evidence of the parts of the brains affected as well as a study that looks at an actual comparison of synapses. The comparison is between people with no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer’s disease. Mild cognitive impairment is a type of impairment within the brain that can cause a slight but noticeable decline in cognitive abilities. These abilities include memory and thinking skills. These patients are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s and that is why they were also looked at in this research (Scheff, Price, Schmitt & Mufson, 2005). One of the major research findings that led to this study was that patients with Alzheimer’s disease seemed to have a loss of synaptic contacts in their neocortex and hippocampus. This loss of synaptic contacts demonstrates an association with cognitive ability and correlates strongly with dementia. It was unknown whether patients with mild cognitive impairment had significant synaptic loss compared to those with no cognitive impairment.
How would a person feel if they couldn’t put sentences together? Alice Howland, a fifty-year-old woman, who forgets a word during a speech and becomes lost during a presentation at a college campus, Alice's doctor diagnoses her with early onset Alzheimer's disease. “Along the way, Alice struggles to not only to fight the inner decay, but to make the most of her remaining time to find the love and peace to make simply living worthwhile” (Chisholm). While this is the plot for a popular fictional film, the seriousness of the topic is real to many elders and family members. Alzheimer’s is a common form of dementia, caused by changes in the brain, generally starts in the late adulthood, characterized by confusion, emotional instability, and progressive
Dr. Alzheimer found unusual clumps of material, now called amyloid plaque, and tangled bundles of fiber, which are now called neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer’s disease).
Alzheimer's can be in your distant future without you knowing it. The most exceedingly terrible part is that there is nothing that you can do about it. There is a lot to learn when it comes to the Alzheimer’s disease. Above all, it is important to know what Alzheimer's truly is, how it begins, to what extent can one live with this illness, the side effects, what causes it, and the historical backdrop of Alzheimer's. For being such an astonishing sickness, it is exceptionally intriguing.
When a 51 year old woman named Auguste died, she wanted her brain to be donated to be observed because her family was concerned about the noticing changes in her personality and behavior. The family recognized problems with memory, difficulty speaking, and impaired comprehension. When they brought her to Dr. Alzheimer, he described Auguste as having aggressive form of dementia, effecting her memory, language, and behavior changes. He followed up with her for five years, until her death in 1906. After she has passed, Dr. Alzheimer did an autopsy, which he fatty deposits in the blood vessels, brain cells wasting away, and shrinking of the cerebral cortex. He identified neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, and this was the main indicative of AD. In 1907, the condition was first published in medical literature and named after Dr. Alzheimer in