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Relationship between poverty and obesity
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Negative effects of low socioeconomic status
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Obesity
In the last three decades, the growing epidemic of obesity has become one of the most colossal problems affecting people globally. This epidemic is contributed to not only socioeconomic status but to everything that is correlated with it such as race, gender, and level of education. When dealing with socioeconomic status, income is the major factor, but not much research is done on the cognitive factors that lie within each socioeconomic group (Ball, Crawford, , 2009). Normally the research on obesity is restricted to data found in the Unites States and refuses to include the statistics of other countries that might not be as developed, such as China (He, James, mu0pu, Zheng, 2014). Age is also another variable contributing to the unhealthy weight gain in the population worldwide. Childhood obesity has become such a big issue that programs are being implemented worldwide in attempts to prevent it early on (Cunningham, Gazmararian, Gonzalez-Casanova, Martorell ,Pratt, Sarmiento and Stein, 2013). Along with obesity in children, obesity is equally as common in adulthood and has grown twice as large since 1980 in Americans (Forjuoh, Lee, Ory, Une, 2013).
In the following research paper, I will address all of the factors that correlate with the growth of obesity in the world today. It is hypothesized that socioeconomic status is directly allied with the increasing rate of obesity. It is also predicted that age is another one of the critical issues tied to the high risk of overweightness. In HINTS, there are many topics and much detail about the matter it is covering. The data collected to formulate these hypotheses is parallel to the data collected in the HINTS Surveys in many aspects; the only difference is that HI...
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Forjuoh, S. N., Lee, C., Ory, M. G., & Yoon, J. (2012). Neighborhood walking among overweight and obese adults: Age variations in barriers and motivators. J Community
Health , 38, 12-22. doi: DOI 10.1007/s10900-012-9592-6
Ball, K., Crawford, D., & Timperio, A. (2009). Neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in food access and affordability. Health & Place, (15), 578-595. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/locate/healthplace
Casanova, I. G., Cunningham, S. A., Gazmararian, J. A., Martorell , R., Pratt , M., & Stein , A.
D. (2013). Comparing three body mass index classification systems to assess overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 5(33), Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23764666
Hints. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hints.cancer.gov/about.aspx
Sclauser Pessoa, I. B., Costa, D., Velloso, M., Mancuzo, E., Reis, M. S., & Parreira, V.F.
Cox-Foster, D. L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E. C., Palacios, G., Evans, J. D., Moran, N. A.,…
According to C. Wright Mills, a problem can be divided into either issues or troubles and usually, a problem, when looking at the broader picture is in fact see as a social issue and not a personal trouble. This idea is referred to as the sociological imagination (Mills, 2000). Obesity was wrongly viewed as an individual’s own personal problem, however, when looking at the big picture, it’s a problem that transform from a personal issue to a social phenomenon (Smith, 2009). It’s a menace that affects everyone including all races, all ages and all income levels (Chang & Lauderdale, 2005). There are several factors behind obesity not only in adults but also in children. Such factors must be ascertained to ensure that correct preventive measures
Vahey, C. D., Aiken, H. L., Sloane, M. D., Clarke, P. S., and Vargas, D. (2010 Jan. 15).
ABSTRACT: It has often been observed that obesity follows a socioeconomic gradient which adversely affects the poor. This paper proposes the outline of a sociological theory of obesity as a consequence of ‘globalisation factors, such as labour market deregulation. Forced to work longer hours – and with lower levels of job-security – workers in low paid jobs have fewer opportunities to burn calories, and are more likely to consume fast-food. This combination has led to higher levels of obesity among the poor in countries that have adopted neo-liberal labour market reforms.
Forsyth, K., Taylor, R., Kramer, J., Prior, S., Richie, L., Whitehead, J., Owen, C., & Melton, M.
In order to take a sociological viewpoint into account when one examines obesity, first it is important to understand how obesity is recognized in current society. According to today’s news articles and magazines and advertisements and other mass media about health and healthy life, one can easily realize that a great number of people have an eagerness to be healthy. Also, one can assume through these mass media about health that everyone wants to be attractive, and they are even prone to transform their own behaviors to gain attractiveness. This is because most people live a life where social interaction is frequently required and must engage themselves into social interaction every day of their life. Therefore, based on these ideas and proofs throughout this mass media, obesity is regarded as one of the characteristics that is disgraceful and undesirable in society.
Overweight and obesity problem is becoming more and more serious in Australia. Not only Australians but also the world’s problem obesity is studied as one of the main causes of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and some cancers and sleep apnoea as well as other serious conditions, which put national economies and individual lives at risk. Obesity is also regarded as epidemic. Obesity is caused by a calorific imbalance between diet intake and consumed calories. Obesity has become the biggest threat to Public Health in Australia shown by Australia Bureau of Statistics (2013). Also, the prevalence of obesity is predicted as the ratio of obesity in adults and children will be doubled by 2025 (Backholer et al.2012). It is believed that this phenomenon is happening due to many social determinants of health, which have a strong negative impact on not only individuals but also society and economy. (Wilkinson and Marmot 2003) The social determinants of health are explained as conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age by WHO (Wilkinson & Marmot 2013). Different circumstances can be formed depending on their finance, power and global resources. These social determinants seem to be responsible for health inequities, which seem to be unfair and avoidable. Social determinants of health including social gradient, high calorie food intake, excessive amounts of stress and poor early life care are the relevant factors to contribute to be or being obesity. It is important to understand that the correlation of social determinants of health and obesity to manage the health problems and enhance public’s health.
Over 60 million people are obese in the world today. The socioeconomic statuses of the Americans play a major part in the obesity rates across the country. People with higher incomes are less likely to be obese than people with lower incomes. One in every seven preschool-aged children living in lower income areas are obese (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). A 2008 study showed that obesity is highest among American Indian and Alaska Native (21.2 percent) and Hispanic Americans (18.5 percent) children, and it is lowest among white (12.6 percent), Asian or Pacific Islander (12.3 percent), and black (11.8 percent) children (Get America Fit).
Obesity has been identified as one of the risk factors affecting directly and indirectly the health outcome of the population. Even though many approaches and programs have been conducted in order to reduce the obesity rate, this health issue is still a big headache and keeps being put on the table. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), overweight and obesity rate have been increasing significantly in the past two decades in the United States with more than 35.7% of adults and almost 17% of children and adolescents from 2-19 years olds being obese ("Overweight and obesity," 2013). As Healthy People 2020 indicated, in the period from 1988-1994 to 2009-2010, the age adjusted obesity rate among U.S adults aged 20 and over increased from 22.8% to 35.7%, which means increased by 57% while the obesity rate among children and teenagers from 2 to 19 years old increased from 10% to approximately 17%, witnessing the increase of 69% ("Nutrition, physical activity," 2013). Obesity has impact both on economic and health of the nation. Obesity is the risk factor of serious chronic diseases, including heart disease, stroke, type II diabetes, certain kinds of cancer, and other leading causes of preventable deaths ("Overweight and obesity," 2013). Moreover, obesity continues to be economic burden in terms of medical costs for either public or private payers up to $147 billion per year which increased from 6.5% to 9.1% (Finkelstein et al, 2009). In 2008, medical spending per capita for the obese or obesity related health issues is $1,429 per year, as 42% higher than “those of normal weight” (Finkelstein et al, 2009, p.8).
There is no doubt that obesity has taken its seat as one of the top disease that strikes the world today. In America, obesity has now spread through the country leaving 2 out of 3 adults either overweight or obese, and worldwide 1.5 billion are overweight or obese (Overweight). The cause of this disease stems from multiple reasons such as the increase in modern food production, putting out ample amounts of food causing the prices for meat, groceries, and especially junk food to plummet. Subsequently, Americans especially were more inclined to purchase more food and showed an increase in the average American house hold food intake by 1,000 more calories a day (Dreifus).
Ornstein, R., Rosen, D., Mammel, K., Callahan, S., Forman, S., Jay, M., Fisher, M., Rome, E., &
Since 1970, the obesity rates in America have more than doubled. Currently two-thirds of (roughly 150 million) adults in the United States are either overweight, or obese (Food Research and Action Center). According to the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, “overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 whereas obesity is defined as a BMI greater than 30.” There are numerous factors that contribute to obesity such as: biological, behavioral and cultural influences (Food Research and Action Center). While these factors all have a large role in obesity, there is no factor with as great of an influence as poverty.
Thompson, P. M., Vidal, C., Giedd, J. N., Gochman, P., Blumenthal, J., Nicolson, R., Toga, A. W., &
Obesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Obesity problems have become one matter of concern for individuals all around the world. What is more is that Obesity rates continue to rise all around the world. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects including the risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, increased expenditure on health care and lack of self-esteem.