The French helped the Nguyen Dynasty rise to power in Vietnam with aim of centralizing power in the nation.
Although the Nguyen Emperors seemed The French implemented a ‘divide and rule’ strategy in order to minimize local resistance. Vietnam was separated into three separate pays (provinces): Tonkin in the north, Annam along the central coast and Cochinchina in the south. Each of these provinces was administered separately.
- Laos:
King Sisavang Vong of Luang Phrabang was appointed be in charge of the head of nation but was taken under control of French. During their rule, the French introduced the policy, called “corvee”, or unpaid labor, a system that forced every male Lao to contribute 10 days of manual labor per year to the colonial government.
In Vietnam, male of adult age to spend 30 days of unpaid work on government buildings, roads, dams and other infrastructure.
- Cambodia:
In opposition to two neighboring countries,
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Between 1975 and 1979, Pol Pot-the leader of the Khmer Rouge followed Maoist communism, which they thought they could create an agrarian utopia. Agrarian means that the society was based on agriculture. They wanted all members of society to be rural agricultural workers and killed intellectuals, who had been depraved by western capitalist ideas. A utopia means a perfect society. This idea went to extremes when The Khmer Rouge resumed that only pure people were qualified to build the revolution. They killed Cambodians without reasons by uncivilized actions such as: cutting heads, burying alive… There were about 1.7 million people killed by the Khmer Rouge.
In conclusion, French imperialism had a great influence on politics of Indochina. With a system of direct colonial management, all of the important positions in government were taken by French.
2. Economic
Vietnam has a very rich and cultural diverse background dating all the way back to 1066 when William the Conqueror invaded and paved the way for English colonization. The French had been colonizing since the 19th century. The French role in Vietnams history is critical; they started out by bringing these simple peasants to the latest technology of farming and hunting (Yancey 37). The French helped these people out greatly in the beginning, but like all stories of occupation go they just got worse. They started forcing rules and laws on the people of Vietnam. Thus started the First Vietnam War, also known as the Indochina War between France and Vietnam. "The French possessed military superiority, but the Vietnamese had already the hearts and minds of the country. (38). Even from the beginning the Vietnamese had the odds to there favor. The French looked at the wars in numbers and how many lost on each side. They gathered from all the battles that they were winning because the Vietnamese casualties far outweighed the French; nonetheless they were wrong. To a certain point the French were fighting a game that they could not win at any cost. The French had the military superiority but the Vietnamese had the manpower and the Guerilla tactics. The Indochina War ended with French loosing terrible at Dienbienphu, where a whole French garrison was wiped out.
However, French lost its territory to the Spanish and the British, but most of France’s colonial wealth were extracted from their colonies in Africa, especially from its vast wealth of gold and diamond. “Like the Spanish the French preferred to rule their colonies under a direct rule, which urge more metropole culture spread upon colonized land. While Spanish colonial cities have plazas, the French colonial cities have Paris grid town planning and architecture that often remind one of France. They also introduced education system using French language, to help further brainwash and spread their own value” (Quora). “The French also wanted to spread their “French value” to its subject as part of their “civilizing” mission, to bless the barbaric of indigenous Africans and Asians with enlightenment (admittedly they were less successful than Americans, but did manage to spread the French language all over Africa)” (Quora). While Africa became more “France”, this failed in Indochina because the locals find French difficult to learn. The Africa colonization was pure and simple, to benefit the metropole at most while limiting the development of industry as to make Africa reliant on European
that contributed to the rise and fall of the French Monarchy. The ideas of the
The French eventually gained back some control over parts of Vietnam. In early 1946, the French began a series of dual negotiations with the Chinese and Viet Minh over the future of Vietnam. After failed negotiations with the French over the future of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh retreated into remote parts of the countryside to fight a small-scale insurgency against the French. (The History Place, Beginner’s Guide)
After returning, Minh had help from the Vietminh; an organization of communist that wanted freedom from other countries. Their main goal was to turn Vietnam into a self-governed communist country. France wanted none of this non-sense. In 1945 they had moved back into southern Vietnam and ruled most of the cities. Ho Chi Minh swore to fight France to gain control of the whole country. U.S. promised to aid France, and sent almost $15 million worth of financial aid to France. The French fought for four years, being financially aided by the U.S. the whole time. The U.S. spent nearly one billion dollars in order to help France regain control of the tiny country. The only reason that much effort was put into a small area was the fear of the y. Domino Theory. The Domino Theory first showed it's head during a 1954 news conference by U.S. President Eisenhower. The domino theory is the fear of the spread of communism from one country to the next, and so on. Even with the assistance of the U.S. France could not gain the control it once had on Vietnam.
Under Pol Pot's leadership, and within days of overthrowing the government, the Khmer Rouge launched themselves into an organized mission: they ruthlessly imposed an extremist programme to reconstruct Cambodia on the communist model of Mao's China. The population should, they believed, be forced to work as labourers in one vast federation of collective farms. Anyone in opposition - as intellectuals and educated folks were assumed to be - must be eliminated, beside all un-communist aspects of traditional Cambodian society.
Cambodia would become a battle ground for American troops fighting in Vietnam for four years; the war would kill up to 750,000 Cambodians through U.S. efforts to destroy suspected North Vietnamese supply lines. This devastation would take its toll on the Cambodian peoples’ morale and would later help to contribute to the conflicts that caused the Cambodian genocide. In the 1970’s the Khmer Rouge guerrilla movement would form. The leader of the Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot, was educated in France and believed in Maoist Communism. These communist ideas would become important foundations for the ideas of the genocide, and which groups would be persecuted.
Major changes in political structure, social and economic life define the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. Each period laid the foundation for the next, with changes and improvements to create a new order.
The French lost their colonial rule in 1954 due to the signing of the Geneva Accords. The French signed the Geneva Accords with one condition that Vietnam was to be divided into two parts the south and north along the 17th parallel (Fletcher). Proceeding the Geneva Accords the Vietnam conflict began. North Vietnam wanted Vietnam to be fully communist, while South Vietnam was against communism. Ho Chi Minh leader of North Vietnam was determined that South Vietnam was going to fall into his rule, so he sent Viet Cong guerillas to fight in South Vietnam but Ngo Dinh Diem leader of South Vietnam was fighting against that. Which lead the U.S to aid South Vietnam, the U.S. didn’t want for the communism to take over (Abdul
The effect Imperialism had and still has today on Indochina is large. There were many positives, but lots and lots of negatives, when France first began to control the area. The effects are still present today, but almost all of them are positive. Imperialism began in Indochina, present day Vietnam, in 1848. During the time, Indochina,suffered, politically, economically, and socially.
Pol Pot wanted everything in perfect detail. According to BBC, he wanted Cambodia to be money free, religion free, education free, no healthcare, and no foreign languages. However, Pol Pot did not want to kill everyone. He wanted to murder the middle class, and religious people. Mytholoke.edu said he wanted Cambodia to become an agrarian utopia, or a place where “impure people” were eliminated. Impure to Pol Pot would mean killing middle class people, and religious people. He would make schools obsolete. The genocide started in 1962 when Pol Pot became leader of Communist Party of Kampuchea, where he started planning undercover to take over Cambodia. In 1970, when then leader Norodom Sihanouk was out on vacation, Pol Pot came in with Khmer Rouge. After the U.S. tried to eliminate Norodom Sihanouk, but failed, he joined up with the Khmer Rouge. After 4 years of civil war, Pol Pot successfully took over Cambodia. During that time he overworked, starved and killed millions of middle class people. After the 4 year leadership of Khmer Rouge, Vietnam took over and pushed Khmer Rouge out of the country. Pol Pot and the rest of the surviving Khmer Rouge fled to Thailand, where they fought many mini wars with the Cambodian government. However, in the beginning of the 90s, power was lost and Pol Pot had to abandon. In 1997 he was put under house arrest and then died by heart attack before a trial could happen. Khmer Rouge were very
In 1127, after a prince of the Song Dynasty fled across the Yangtze River to Hangzhou, the Southern Song Dynasty was established. The Southern Song Dynasty achieved a period of economic success, prosperity, and artistic creativity, despite the fact that the military was not exactly strong. The Southern Song Dynasty’s downfall did not come from problems within, but was overthrown by Mongols in 1279, marking the end of the Song Dynasty.
Vietnam, now being communist with having the help of the Soviet Union, set up for what was known as a puppet government. Meaning they were composed of recent defectors from the Khmer Rouge. They began to build a socialist government, even though they still struggled with organizing and reconstructing. It didn’t help that the Pol Pot's policies had destroyed the economy, not really anything left for foreign aid, and all the professionals in the most needed fields such as; engineers, technicians, and planners were all killed. Leaving them at a complete stand
The Khmer Rouge was a communist party that was created out of the struggle against French colonization and influenced by the Vietnamese War that had spilled into Cambodia over prior years. During the war, the United States used Cambodia as a regrouping zone and bombed parts of the country to rid of any suspected Viet Cong targets. This laid the foundation for animosity toward the West. The country was ruled by Marshal Lon Nol after Prince Sihanouk was removed from his position as head of state. When the leader of the Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot, allied with Sihanouk it was clear that a civil war was on the rise. With help from Vietnamese forces, the Khmer Rouge was able to overthrow the efforts from Lon Nol. This further disenchanted Cambodia from
The Chinese Empire was large and controlled most of Asia at one point in time. One of the dynasties that ruled the empire was the Ming Family. Ruling from 1368-1644, almost three hundred years, the Ming Dynasty impacted Chinese history very much.